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A Group Usage Example, 8.2.8. HTTP Authentication, Changing the Management WebUI Port

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8.2.7. A Group Usage Example Chapter 8. User Authentication Any packets from an IP address that fails authentication are discarded. 8.2.7. A Group Usage Example To illustrate Authentication Group usage, lets suppose that there are a set of users which will login from a network 192.168.1.0/24 connected to the lan interface. The requirement is to restrict access to a network called important_net on the int interface to one group of trusted users, while the other less-trusted users can only access another network called regular_net on the dmz interface. Assuming we using the internal database of users as the authentication source, we add the users to this database with appropriate username/password pairs and a specific Group string. One set of users would be assigned to the group with the name trusted and the other to the group with the name untrusted. We now define two IP objects for the same network 192.168.1.0/24. One IP object is called untrusted_net and has its Group parameter set to the string untrusted. The other IP object is called trusted_net and its Group parameter is set to the string untrusted. The final step is to set up the rules in the IP rule set as shown below: # Action Src Interface Src Network Dest Interface Dest Network Service 1 Allow lan trusted_net int important_net All 2 Allow lan untrusted_net dmz regular_net All If we wanted to allow the trusted group users to also be able to access the regular network we could add a third rule to permit this: # Action Src Interface Src Network Dest Interface Dest Network Service 1 Allow lan trusted_net int important_net All 2 Allow lan trusted_net dmz regular_net All 3 Allow int untrusted_net dmz regular_net All 8.2.8. HTTP Authentication Where users are communicating through a web browser using the HTTP protocol then authentication can be done by presenting the user with HTML pages to retrieve required user information. This is sometimes referred to as WebAuth and the setup requires further considerations. Changing the Management WebUI Port HTTP authentication will collide with the WebUI's remote management service which also uses TCP port 80. To avoid this, the WebUI port number should be changed before configuring authentication. Do this by going to Remote Management > advanced settings in the WebUI and changing the setting WebUI HTTP Port. Port number 81 could instead, be used for this setting. Agent Options For HTTP and HTTPS authentication there is a set of options in Authentication Rules called Agent Options. These are: • Login Type - This can be one of: i. FORM - The user is presented with an HTML page for authentication which is filled in and the data sent back to NetDefendOS with a POST. ii. BASICAUTH - This sends a 401 - Authentication Required message back to the browser which will cause it to use its own inbuilt dialog to ask the user for a username/password 369

Section	Page
User Manual	3
Table of Contents	4
Preface	14
Chapter 1. NetDefendOS Overview	16
1.1. Features	16
1.2. NetDefendOS Architecture	19
1.2.1. State-based Architecture	19
1.2.2. NetDefendOS Building Blocks	19
1.2.3. Basic Packet Flow	20
1.3. NetDefendOS State Engine Packet Flow	23
Chapter 2. Management and Maintenance	28
2.1. Managing NetDefendOS	28
2.1.1. Overview	28
2.1.2. The Default Administrator Account	29
2.1.3. The Web Interface	29
2.1.4. The CLI	33
2.1.5. CLI Scripts	41
2.1.6. Secure Copy	45
2.1.7. The Console Boot Menu	47
2.1.8. Management Advanced Settings	48
2.1.9. Working with Configurations	49
2.2. Events and Logging	55
2.2.1. Overview	55
2.2.2. Log Messages	55
2.2.3. Creating Log Receivers	56
2.2.4. Logging to MemoryLogReceiver	56
2.2.5. Logging to Syslog Hosts	56
2.2.6. SNMP Traps	58
2.2.7. Advanced Log Settings	59
2.3. RADIUS Accounting	60
2.3.1. Overview	60
2.3.2. RADIUS Accounting Messages	60
2.3.3. Interim Accounting Messages	62
2.3.4. Activating RADIUS Accounting	62
2.3.5. RADIUS Accounting Security	62
2.3.6. RADIUS Accounting and High Availability	62
2.3.7. Handling Unresponsive Servers	63
2.3.8. Accounting and System Shutdowns	63
2.3.9. Limitations with NAT	63
2.3.10. RADIUS Advanced Settings	63
2.4. Hardware Monitoring	65
2.5. SNMP Monitoring	67
2.5.1. SNMP Advanced Settings	68
2.6. The pcapdump Command	70
2.7. Maintenance	73
2.7.1. Auto-Update Mechanism	73
2.7.2. Backing Up Configurations	73
2.7.3. Restore to Factory Defaults	74
Chapter 3. Fundamentals	77
3.1. The Address Book	77
3.1.1. Overview	77
3.1.2. IP Addresses	77
3.1.3. Ethernet Addresses	79
3.1.4. Address Groups	80
3.1.5. Auto-Generated Address Objects	81
3.1.6. Address Book Folders	81
3.2. Services	82
3.2.1. Overview	82
3.2.2. Creating Custom Services	83
3.2.3. ICMP Services	86
3.2.4. Custom IP Protocol Services	88
3.2.5. Service Groups	88
3.2.6. Custom Service Timeouts	89
3.3. Interfaces	90
3.3.1. Overview	90
3.3.2. Ethernet Interfaces	92
3.3.2.1. Useful CLI Commands for Ethernet Interfaces	95
3.3.3. VLAN	97
3.3.4. PPPoE	101
3.3.5. GRE Tunnels	103
3.3.6. Interface Groups	107
3.4. ARP	108
3.4.1. Overview	108
3.4.2. The NetDefendOS ARP Cache	108
3.4.3. Creating ARP Objects	110
3.4.4. Using ARP Advanced Settings	112
3.4.5. ARP Advanced Settings Summary	113
3.5. IP Rule Sets	116
3.5.1. Security Policies	116
3.5.2. IP Rule Evaluation	118
3.5.3. IP Rule Actions	119
3.5.4. Editing IP rule set Entries	120
3.5.5. IP Rule Set Folders	121
3.5.6. Configuration Object Groups	122
3.6. Schedules	126
3.7. Certificates	128
3.7.1. Overview	128
3.7.2. Certificates in NetDefendOS	129
3.7.3. CA Certificate Requests	130
3.8. Date and Time	132
3.8.1. Overview	132
3.8.2. Setting Date and Time	132
3.8.3. Time Servers	133
3.8.4. Settings Summary for Date and Time	136
3.9. DNS	139
Chapter 4. Routing	142
4.1. Overview	142
4.2. Static Routing	143
4.2.1. The Principles of Routing	143
4.2.2. Static Routing	147
4.2.3. Route Failover	151
4.2.4. Host Monitoring for Route Failover	154
4.2.5. Advanced Settings for Route Failover	156
4.2.6. Proxy ARP	157
4.3. Policy-based Routing	160
4.3.1. Overview	160
4.3.2. Policy-based Routing Tables	160
4.3.3. Policy-based Routing Rules	160
4.3.4. Routing Table Selection	161
4.3.5. The Ordering parameter	161
4.4. Route Load Balancing	165
4.5. OSPF	171
4.5.1. Dynamic Routing	171
4.5.2. OSPF Concepts	174
4.5.3. OSPF Components	179
4.5.3.1. OSPF Router Process	179
4.5.3.2. OSPF Area	181
4.5.3.3. OSPF Interface	182
4.5.3.4. OSPF Neighbors	184
4.5.3.5. OSPF Aggregates	184
4.5.3.6. OSPF VLinks	184
4.5.4. Dynamic Routing Rules	185
4.5.4.1. Overview	185
4.5.4.2. Dynamic Routing Rule	186
4.5.4.3. OSPF Action	187
4.5.4.4. Routing Action	187
4.5.5. Setting Up OSPF	188
4.5.6. An OSPF Example	191
4.6. Multicast Routing	194
4.6.1. Overview	194
4.6.2. Multicast Forwarding with SAT Multiplex Rules	195
4.6.2.1. Multicast Forwarding - No Address Translation	195
4.6.2.2. Multicast Forwarding - Address Translation Scenario	197
4.6.3. IGMP Configuration	199
4.6.3.1. IGMP Rules Configuration - No Address Translation	200
4.6.3.2. IGMP Rules Configuration - Address Translation	202
4.6.4. Advanced IGMP Settings	204
4.7. Transparent Mode	207
4.7.1. Overview	207
4.7.2. Enabling Internet Access	211
4.7.3. Transparent Mode Scenarios	213
4.7.4. Spanning Tree BPDU Support	217
4.7.5. Advanced Settings for Transparent Mode	218
Chapter 5. DHCP Services	223
5.1. Overview	223
5.2. DHCP Servers	224
5.2.1. Static DHCP Hosts	227
5.2.2. Custom Options	228
5.3. DHCP Relaying	230
5.3.1. DHCP Relay Advanced Settings	231
5.4. IP Pools	233
Chapter 6. Security Mechanisms	237
6.1. Access Rules	237
6.1.1. Overview	237
6.1.2. IP Spoofing	238
6.1.3. Access Rule Settings	238
6.2. ALGs	240
6.2.1. Overview	240
6.2.2. The HTTP ALG	241
6.2.3. The FTP ALG	244
6.2.4. The TFTP ALG	253
6.2.5. The SMTP ALG	254
6.2.5.1. Anti-Spam Filtering	257
6.2.6. The POP3 ALG	263
6.2.7. The PPTP ALG	264
6.2.8. The SIP ALG	265
6.2.9. The H.323 ALG	275
6.2.10. The TLS ALG	289
6.3. Web Content Filtering	292
6.3.1. Overview	292
6.3.2. Active Content Handling	292
6.3.3. Static Content Filtering	293
6.3.4. Dynamic Web Content Filtering	295
6.3.4.1. Overview	295
6.3.4.2. Setting Up WCF	296
6.3.4.3. Content Filtering Categories	300
6.3.4.4. Customizing HTML Pages	307
6.4. Anti-Virus Scanning	309
6.4.1. Overview	309
6.4.2. Implementation	309
6.4.3. Activating Anti-Virus Scanning	310
6.4.4. The Signature Database	311
6.4.5. Subscribing to the D-Link Anti-Virus Service	311
6.4.6. Anti-Virus Options	311
6.5. Intrusion Detection and Prevention	315
6.5.1. Overview	315
6.5.2. IDP Availability for D-Link Models	315
6.5.3. IDP Rules	317
6.5.4. Insertion/Evasion Attack Prevention	318
6.5.5. IDP Pattern Matching	319
6.5.6. IDP Signature Groups	320
6.5.7. IDP Actions	322
6.5.8. SMTP Log Receiver for IDP Events	322
6.6. Denial-of-Service Attack Prevention	326
6.6.1. Overview	326
6.6.2. DoS Attack Mechanisms	326
6.6.3. Ping of Death and Jolt Attacks	326
6.6.4. Fragmentation overlap attacks: Teardrop, Bonk, Boink and Nestea	327
6.6.5. The Land and LaTierra attacks	327
6.6.6. The WinNuke attack	327
6.6.7. Amplification attacks: Smurf, Papasmurf, Fraggle	328
6.6.8. TCP SYN Flood Attacks	329
6.6.9. The Jolt2 Attack	329
6.6.10. Distributed DoS Attacks	329
6.7. Blacklisting Hosts and Networks	331
Chapter 7. Address Translation	334
7.1. Overview	334
7.2. NAT	335
7.3. NAT Pools	340
7.4. SAT	343
7.4.1. Translation of a Single IP Address (1:1)	343
7.4.2. Translation of Multiple IP Addresses (M:N)	348
7.4.3. All-to-One Mappings (N:1)	350
7.4.4. Port Translation	350
7.4.5. Protocols Handled by SAT	351
7.4.6. Multiple SAT Rule Matches	351
7.4.7. SAT and FwdFast Rules	352
Chapter 8. User Authentication	355
8.1. Overview	355
8.2. Authentication Setup	357
8.2.1. Setup Summary	357
8.2.2. The Local Database	357
8.2.3. External RADIUS Servers	359
8.2.4. External LDAP Servers	359
8.2.5. Authentication Rules	366
8.2.6. Authentication Processing	368
8.2.7. A Group Usage Example	369
8.2.8. HTTP Authentication	369
8.3. Customizing HTML Pages	373
Chapter 9. VPN	377
9.1. Overview	377
9.1.1. VPN Usage	377
9.1.2. VPN Encryption	378
9.1.3. VPN Planning	378
9.1.4. Key Distribution	379
9.1.5. The TLS Alternative for VPN	379
9.2. VPN Quick Start	381
9.2.1. IPsec LAN to LAN with Pre-shared Keys	382
9.2.2. IPsec LAN to LAN with Certificates	383
9.2.3. IPsec Roaming Clients with Pre-shared Keys	384
9.2.4. IPsec Roaming Clients with Certificates	386
9.2.5. L2TP Roaming Clients with Pre-Shared Keys	387
9.2.6. L2TP Roaming Clients with Certificates	388
9.2.7. PPTP Roaming Clients	389
9.3. IPsec Components	391
9.3.1. Overview	391
9.3.2. Internet Key Exchange (IKE)	391
9.3.3. IKE Authentication	397
9.3.4. IPsec Protocols (ESP/AH)	398
9.3.5. NAT Traversal	399
9.3.6. Algorithm Proposal Lists	401
9.3.7. Pre-shared Keys	402
9.3.8. Identification Lists	403
9.4. IPsec Tunnels	406
9.4.1. Overview	406
9.4.2. LAN to LAN Tunnels with Pre-shared Keys	408
9.4.3. Roaming Clients	408
9.4.4. Fetching CRLs from an alternate LDAP server	413
9.4.5. Troubleshooting with ikesnoop	414
9.4.6. IPsec Advanced Settings	421
9.5. PPTP/L2TP	425
9.5.1. PPTP Servers	425
9.5.2. L2TP Servers	426
9.5.3. L2TP/PPTP Server advanced settings	430
9.5.4. PPTP/L2TP Clients	431
9.6. CA Server Access	434
9.7. VPN Troubleshooting	437
9.7.1. General Troubleshooting	437
9.7.2. Troubleshooting Certificates	437
9.7.3. IPsec Troubleshooting Commands	438
9.7.4. Management Interface Failure with VPN	439
9.7.5. Specific Error Messages	439
9.7.6. Specific Symptoms	442
Chapter 10. Traffic Management	444
10.1. Traffic Shaping	444
10.1.1. Overview	444
10.1.2. Traffic Shaping in NetDefendOS	445
10.1.3. Simple Bandwidth Limiting	447
10.1.4. Limiting Bandwidth in Both Directions	448
10.1.5. Creating Differentiated Limits Using Chains	449
10.1.6. Precedences	450
10.1.7. Pipe Groups	455
10.1.8. Traffic Shaping Recommendations	458
10.1.9. A Summary of Traffic Shaping	459
10.1.10. More Pipe Examples	460
10.2. IDP Traffic Shaping	465
10.2.1. Overview	465
10.2.2. Setting Up IDP Traffic Shaping	465
10.2.3. Processing Flow	466
10.2.4. The Importance of Specifying a Network	466
10.2.5. A P2P Scenario	467
10.2.6. Viewing Traffic Shaping Objects	468
10.2.7. Guaranteeing Instead of Limiting Bandwidth	469
10.2.8. Logging	469
10.3. Threshold Rules	470
10.3.1. Overview	470
10.3.2. Limiting the Connection Rate/Total Connections	470
10.3.3. Grouping	471
10.3.4. Rule Actions	471
10.3.5. Multiple Triggered Actions	471
10.3.6. Exempted Connections	471
10.3.7. Threshold Rules and ZoneDefense	471
10.3.8. Threshold Rule Blacklisting	471
10.4. Server Load Balancing	473
10.4.1. Overview	473
10.4.2. SLB Distribution Algorithms	474
10.4.3. Selecting Stickiness	475
10.4.4. SLB Algorithms and Stickiness	476
10.4.5. Server Health Monitoring	477
10.4.6. Setting Up SLB_SAT Rules	478
Chapter 11. High Availability	482
11.1. Overview	482
11.2. HA Mechanisms	484
11.3. Setting Up HA	487
11.3.1. HA Hardware Setup	487
11.3.2. NetDefendOS Manual HA Setup	488
11.3.3. Verifying the Cluster Functions	489
11.3.4. Unique Shared Mac Addresses	490
11.4. HA Issues	491
11.5. Upgrading an HA Cluster	493
11.6. HA Advanced Settings	495
Chapter 12. ZoneDefense	497
12.1. Overview	497
12.2. ZoneDefense Switches	498
12.3. ZoneDefense Operation	499
12.3.1. SNMP	499
12.3.2. Threshold Rules	499
12.3.3. Manual Blocking and Exclude Lists	499
12.3.4. ZoneDefense with Anti-Virus Scanning	501
12.3.5. Limitations	501
Chapter 13. Advanced Settings	504
13.1. IP Level Settings	504
13.2. TCP Level Settings	508
13.3. ICMP Level Settings	513
13.4. State Settings	514
13.5. Connection Timeout Settings	516
13.6. Length Limit Settings	518
13.7. Fragmentation Settings	520
13.8. Local Fragment Reassembly Settings	524
13.9. Miscellaneous Settings	525
Appendix A. Subscribing to Updates	527
Appendix B. IDP Signature Groups	529
Appendix C. Verified MIME filetypes	533
Appendix D. The OSI Framework	537

Match case Limit results 1 per page

Any packets from an IP address that fails authentication are discarded.

8.2.7. A Group Usage Example

To illustrate Authentication Group usage, lets suppose that there are a set of users which will login

from a network

192.168.1.0/24

connected to the

lan

interface. The requirement is to restrict access

to a network called

important_net

on the

int

interface to one group of trusted users, while the other

less-trusted users can only access another network called

regular_net

on the

dmz

interface.

Assuming we using the internal database of users as the authentication source, we add the users to

this database with appropriate username/password pairs and a specific

Group

string. One set of

users would be assigned to the group with the name

trusted

and the other to the group with the name

untrusted

We now define two IP objects for the same network

192.168.1.0/24

. One IP object is called

untrusted_net

and has its

Group

parameter set to the string

untrusted

. The other IP object is called

trusted_net

and its

Group

parameter is set to the string

untrusted

The final step is to set up the rules in the IP rule set as shown below:

Action

Src Interface

Src Network

Dest Interface

Dest Network

Service

Allow

lan

trusted_net

int

important_net

All

Allow

lan

untrusted_net

dmz

regular_net

All

If we wanted to allow the

trusted

group users to also be able to access the regular network we could

add a third rule to permit this:

Action

Src Interface

Src Network

Dest Interface

Dest Network

Service

Allow

lan

trusted_net

int

important_net

All

Allow

lan

trusted_net

dmz

regular_net

All

Allow

int

untrusted_net

dmz

regular_net

All

8.2.8. HTTP Authentication

Where

users

are

communicating

through

web

browser

using

the

HTTP

protocol

then

authentication can be done by presenting the user with HTML pages to retrieve required user

information. This is sometimes referred to as

WebAuth

and the setup requires further considerations.

Changing the Management WebUI Port

HTTP authentication will collide with the WebUI's remote management service which also uses

TCP port 80. To avoid this, the WebUI port number should be changed before configuring

authentication. Do this by going to

Remote Management > advanced settings

in the WebUI and

changing the setting

WebUI HTTP Port

. Port number 81 could instead, be used for this setting.

Agent Options

For HTTP and HTTPS authentication there is a set of options in Authentication Rules called

Agent

Options

. These are:

•

- This can be one of:

FORM

- The user is presented with an HTML page for authentication which is filled in and

the data sent back to NetDefendOS with a POST.

ii.

BASICAUTH

- This sends a

401 - Authentication Required

message back to the browser

which will cause it to use its own inbuilt dialog to ask the user for a username/password

8.2.7. A Group Usage Example

Chapter 8. User Authentication

369