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SYN Attack, LAND Attack, brute-force

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P-660HW-T v2 User's Guide Under normal circumstances, the application that initiates a session sends a SYN (synchronize) packet to the receiving server. The receiver sends back an ACK (acknowledgment) packet and its own SYN, and then the initiator responds with an ACK (acknowledgment). After this handshake, a connection is established. • SYN Attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system waits for the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses on what is known as a backlog queue. SYN-ACKs are moved off the queue only when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer (which is set at relatively long intervals) terminates the three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable for legitimate users. Figure 80 SYN Flood • In a LAND Attack, hackers flood SYN packets into the network with a spoofed source IP address of the targeted system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent the packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the target system tries to respond to itself. 7 A brute-force attack, such as a "Smurf" attack, targets a feature in the IP specification known as directed or subnet broadcasting, to quickly flood the target network with useless data. A Smurf hacker floods a router with Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request packets (pings). Since the destination IP address of each packet is the broadcast address of the network, the router will broadcast the ICMP echo request packet to all hosts on the network. If there are numerous hosts, this will create a large amount of ICMP echo request and response traffic. If a hacker chooses to spoof the source IP address of the ICMP echo request packet, the resulting ICMP traffic will not only clog up the "intermediary" network, but will also congest the network of the spoofed source IP address, known as the "victim" network. This flood of broadcast traffic consumes all available bandwidth, making communications impossible. Chapter 9 Firewalls 141

Section	Page
P-660HW-T v2	1
User’s Guide	1
Copyright	3
Certifications	4
Safety Warnings	6
ZyXEL Limited Warranty	8
Customer Support	9
Table of Contents	11
List of Figures	21
List of Tables	27
Preface	31
Getting To Know Your ZyXEL Device	33
1.1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device	33
1.2 Features	33
1.2.1 Wireless Features	36
1.3 Applications for the ZyXEL Device	37
1.3.1 Protected Internet Access	37
1.3.2 LAN to LAN Application	38
1.4 Front Panel LEDs	38
1.5 Hardware Connection	39
Introducing the Web Configurator	41
2.1 Web Configurator Overview	41
2.2 Accessing the Web Configurator	41
2.3 Resetting the ZyXEL Device	43
2.3.1 Using the Reset Button	43
2.4 Navigating the Web Configurator	43
2.4.1 Navigation Panel	43
2.4.2 Status Screen	46
2.4.3 Status: Any IP Table	49
2.4.4 Status: WLAN Status	49
2.4.5 Status: Bandwidth Status	50
2.4.6 Status: Packet Statistics	51
2.4.7 Changing Login Password	52
Wizard Setup for Internet Access	55
3.1 Introduction	55
3.2 Internet Access Wizard Setup	55
3.2.1 Automatic Detection	57
3.2.2 Manual Configuration	57
3.3 Wireless Connection Wizard Setup	62
3.3.1 Manually assign a WPA-PSK key	65
3.3.2 Manually assign a WEP key	66
Bandwidth Management Wizard	69
4.1 Introduction	69
4.2 Predefined Media Bandwidth Management Services	69
4.3 Bandwidth Management Wizard Setup	70
WAN Setup	75
5.1 WAN Overview	75
5.1.1 Encapsulation	75
5.1.2 Multiplexing	76
5.1.3 Encapsulation and Multiplexing Scenarios	76
5.1.4 VPI and VCI	77
5.1.5 IP Address Assignment	77
5.1.6 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP)	78
5.1.7 NAT	78
5.2 Metric	78
5.3 Traffic Shaping	79
5.3.1 ATM Traffic Classes	80
5.4 Zero Configuration Internet Access	80
5.5 Internet Connection	81
5.5.1 Configuring Advanced Internet Connection Setup	83
5.6 Configuring More Connections	84
5.6.1 More Connections Edit	85
5.6.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup	88
5.7 Traffic Redirect	89
5.8 Configuring WAN Backup	90
Wireless LAN	93
6.1 Wireless Network Overview	93
6.2 Wireless Security Overview	94
6.2.1 SSID	94
6.2.2 MAC Address Filter	94
6.2.3 User Authentication	95
6.2.4 Encryption	95
6.2.5 One-Touch Intelligent Security Technology (OTIST)	96
6.3 Wireless Performance Overview	96
6.4 General Wireless LAN Screen	96
6.4.1 No Security	98
6.4.2 WEP Encryption	98
6.4.3 WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK	99
6.4.4 WPA/WPA2	101
6.4.5 Wireless LAN Advanced Setup	103
6.5 OTIST	105
6.5.1 Enabling OTIST	105
6.5.2 Starting OTIST	107
6.5.3 Notes on OTIST	108
6.6 MAC Filter	108
LAN Setup	111
7.1 LAN Overview	111
7.1.1 LANs, WANs and the ZyXEL Device	111
7.1.2 DHCP Setup	112
7.1.3 DNS Server Address	112
7.1.4 DNS Server Address Assignment	113
7.2 LAN TCP/IP	113
7.2.1 IP Address and Subnet Mask	113
7.2.2 RIP Setup	114
7.2.3 Multicast	115
7.2.4 Any IP	115
7.3 Configuring LAN IP	117
7.3.1 Configuring Advanced LAN Setup	117
7.4 DHCP Setup	119
7.5 LAN Client List	120
7.6 LAN IP Alias	121
Network Address Translation (NAT) Screens	125
8.1 NAT Overview	125
8.1.1 NAT Definitions	125
8.1.2 What NAT Does	126
8.1.3 How NAT Works	126
8.1.4 NAT Application	127
8.1.5 NAT Mapping Types	127
8.2 SUA (Single User Account) Versus NAT	128
8.3 NAT General Setup	128
8.4 Port Forwarding	129
8.4.1 Default Server IP Address	130
8.4.2 Port Forwarding: Services and Port Numbers	130
8.4.3 Configuring Servers Behind Port Forwarding (Example)	131
8.5 Configuring Port Forwarding	131
8.5.1 Port Forwarding Rule Edit	132
8.6 Address Mapping	133
8.6.1 Address Mapping Rule Edit	135
Firewalls	137
9.1 Firewall Overview	137
9.2 Types of Firewalls	137
9.2.1 Packet Filtering Firewalls	137
9.2.2 Application-level Firewalls	138
9.2.3 Stateful Inspection Firewalls	138
9.3 Introduction to ZyXEL’s Firewall	138
9.3.1 Denial of Service Attacks	139
9.4 Denial of Service	139
9.4.1 Basics	139
9.4.2 Types of DoS Attacks	140
9.5 Stateful Inspection	143
9.5.1 Stateful Inspection Process	144
9.5.2 Stateful Inspection and the ZyXEL Device	144
9.5.3 TCP Security	145
9.5.4 UDP/ICMP Security	145
9.5.5 Upper Layer Protocols	146
9.6 Guidelines for Enhancing Security with Your Firewall	146
9.6.1 Security In General	146
9.7 Packet Filtering Vs Firewall	147
9.7.1 Packet Filtering:	147
9.7.2 Firewall	148
Firewall Configuration	149
10.1 Access Methods	149
10.2 Firewall Policies Overview	149
10.3 Rule Logic Overview	150
10.3.1 Rule Checklist	150
10.3.2 Security Ramifications	150
10.3.3 Key Fields For Configuring Rules	151
10.4 Connection Direction	151
10.4.1 LAN to WAN Rules	152
10.4.2 Alerts	152
10.5 General Firewall Policy	152
10.6 Firewall Rules Summary	153
10.6.1 Configuring Firewall Rules	155
10.6.2 Customized Services	158
10.6.3 Configuring a Customized Service	159
10.7 Example Firewall Rule	159
10.8 Predefined Services	163
10.9 Anti-Probing	165
10.10 DoS Thresholds	166
10.10.1 Threshold Values	166
10.10.2 Half-Open Sessions	167
10.10.3 Configuring Firewall Thresholds	168
Content Filtering	171
11.1 Content Filtering Overview	171
11.2 Configuring Keyword Blocking	171
11.3 Configuring the Schedule	172
11.4 Configuring Trusted Computers	173
Static Route	175
12.1 Static Route	175
12.2 Configuring Static Route	175
12.2.1 Static Route Edit	176
Bandwidth Management	179
13.1 Bandwidth Management Overview	179
13.2 Application-based Bandwidth Management	179
13.3 Subnet-based Bandwidth Management	179
13.4 Application and Subnet-based Bandwidth Management	180
13.5 Scheduler	180
13.5.1 Priority-based Scheduler	180
13.5.2 Fairness-based Scheduler	181
13.6 Maximize Bandwidth Usage	181
13.6.1 Reserving Bandwidth for Non-Bandwidth Class Traffic	181
13.6.2 Maximize Bandwidth Usage Example	182
13.6.3 Bandwidth Management Priorities	183
13.7 Over Allotment of Bandwidth	184
13.8 Configuring Summary	184
13.9 Bandwidth Management Rule Setup	185
13.9.1 Rule Configuration	187
13.10 Bandwidth Monitor	189
Dynamic DNS Setup	191
14.1 Dynamic DNS Overview	191
14.1.1 DYNDNS Wildcard	191
14.2 Configuring Dynamic DNS	191
Remote Management Configuration	195
15.1 Remote Management Overview	195
15.1.1 Remote Management Limitations	195
15.1.2 Remote Management and NAT	196
15.1.3 System Timeout	196
15.2 WWW	196
15.3 Telnet	197
15.4 Configuring Telnet	197
15.5 Configuring FTP	198
15.6 SNMP	199
15.6.1 Supported MIBs	200
15.6.2 SNMP Traps	201
15.6.3 Configuring SNMP	201
15.7 Configuring DNS	202
15.8 Configuring ICMP	203
15.9 TR-069	204
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)	207
16.1 Introducing Universal Plug and Play	207
16.1.1 How do I know if I'm using UPnP?	207
16.1.2 NAT Traversal	207
16.1.3 Cautions with UPnP	208
16.2 UPnP and ZyXEL	208
16.2.1 Configuring UPnP	208
16.3 Installing UPnP in Windows Example	209
16.3.1 Installing UPnP in Windows Me	209
16.3.2 Installing UPnP in Windows XP	211
16.4 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example	212
16.4.1 Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device	212
16.4.2 Web Configurator Easy Access	215
System	219
17.1 General Setup	219
17.1.1 General Setup and System Name	219
17.1.2 General Setup	219
17.2 Time Setting	221
Logs	225
18.1 Logs Overview	225
18.1.1 Alerts and Logs	225
18.2 Viewing the Logs	225
18.3 Configuring Log Settings	226
18.3.1 Example E-mail Log	228
18.4 Log Descriptions	229
Tools	245
19.1 Firmware Upgrade	245
19.2 Configuration Screen	247
19.2.1 Backup Configuration	247
19.2.2 Restore Configuration	248
19.2.3 Back to Factory Defaults	249
19.3 Restart	249
Diagnostic	251
20.1 General Diagnostic	251
20.2 DSL Line Diagnostic	252
Troubleshooting	253
21.1 Problems Starting Up the ZyXEL Device	253
21.2 Problems with the LAN	253
21.3 Problems with the WAN	254
21.4 Problems Accessing the ZyXEL Device	255
Product Specifications	257
About ADSL	261
Internal SPTGEN	263
Wall-mounting Instructions	279
Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address	281
IP Subnetting	297
Command Interpreter	305
Firewall Commands	309
NetBIOS Filter Commands	315
Splitters and Microfilters	317
Wireless LANs	321
Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions	335
Triangle Route	343
Index	345
Numerics	345
A	345
B	345
C	345
D	346
E	346
F	347
G	347
H	347
I	347
L	348
M	348
N	348
O	348
P	348
Q	349
R	349
S	349
T	350
U	350
V	351
W	351

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P-660HW-T v2 User’s Guide

Chapter 9 Firewalls

141

Under normal circumstances, the application that initiates a session sends a SYN

(synchronize) packet to the receiving server. The receiver sends back an ACK

(acknowledgment) packet and its own SYN, and then the initiator responds with an ACK

(acknowledgment). After this handshake, a connection is established.

•

SYN Attack

floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes

the targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system waits for

the ACK that follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses

on what is known as a backlog queue. SYN-ACKs are moved off the queue only when an

ACK comes back or when an internal timer (which is set at relatively long intervals)

terminates the three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all

incoming SYN requests, making the system unavailable for legitimate users.

Figure 80

SYN Flood

•

In a

LAND Attack

, hackers flood SYN packets into the network with a spoofed source

IP address of the targeted system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent the

packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the target system tries to respond

to itself.

brute-force

attack, such as a "Smurf" attack, targets a feature in the IP specification

known as directed or subnet broadcasting, to quickly flood the target network with

useless data. A Smurf hacker floods a router with Internet Control Message Protocol

(ICMP) echo request packets (pings). Since the destination IP address of each packet is

the broadcast address of the network, the router will broadcast the ICMP echo request

packet to all hosts on the network. If there are numerous hosts, this will create a large

amount of ICMP echo request and response traffic. If a hacker chooses to spoof the

source IP address of the ICMP echo request packet, the resulting ICMP traffic will not

only clog up the "intermediary" network, but will also congest the network of the spoofed

source IP address, known as the "victim" network. This flood of broadcast traffic

consumes all available bandwidth, making communications impossible.