Intel ER8100STUS Reference Manual

Intel ER8100STUS - Express 8100 Router Manual

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  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 1
    Intel Express 8100 Router Reference Manual
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 2
    Second edition April 1998 Copyright © 1998, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Intel Corporation, 5200 NE Elam Young Parkway, Hillsboro, OR 97124-6497 Intel Corporation assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in this manual. Nor does Intel make any commitment to update the information
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 3
    12 Peer Authentication using the Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) 15 3 Frame Relay Services 17 4 ISDN Services 20 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) in the Intel Express 8100 Router 20 ISDN Concept 21 ISDN Services 22 ISDN Numbering and Addressing 24 BRA and PRA Numbering 26 MSN
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 4
    (SAP 87 SAP Filtering 87 Static Routes and Services 88 Configuration Example-Cost-Reduced WAN 91 10 WAN Bridging Services 93 Introduction to WAN Bridging 93 How Bridging Works 94 Forwarding Tables 95 Operation of the Bridge in the Intel Express 8100 Router 101 Controlled Bridging 106 II
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    Spanning Tree Algorithm 108 Bridging Loops 108 Spanning Tree Concept 109 Spanning Tree in the Intel Express 8100 Router 111 Bridge Spoofing 114 BPDU Spoofing 114 Non-BPDU Spoofing 115 Codes 121 D IP Frame Formats 126 E Novell IPX Frame Formats 127 F Novell IPX Service Types 130 III
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 6
    Preface Products covered Acronyms The following products are covered in this manual: s Express 8100 Router with Frame Relay s Express 8100 Router with X.25 Exchange Internetwork Packet Exchange Control Protocol Integrated Services Digital Network International Telecommunication Union Local Area
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 7
    Virtual Circuit Transmission Control Protocol Trivial File Transfer Protocol User Data Protocol Wide Area Network World Wide Web Novell NetWare Link Services Protocol Specification Rev 1.0. Novell part No. 100-001708-002. IPX Router Specification. Novell part No. 107-000029-001 User Datagram
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 8
    Transmission of IP Datagrams Over Public Data Networks RFC 877 Broadcasting Internet Datagrams. RFC 919 Broadcasting Internet Datagrams in the Presence of Subnets. RFC 922 Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure. RFC 950 Bootstrap Protocol. RFC 951 Using ARP to Implement Transparent Subnet Gateways.
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    Packet Exchange Protocol Control Protocol (IPXCP) for the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). RFC 1552 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN). RFC 1618 Network Address Translation (NAT) RFC 1631 Bridge Control Protocol (BCP) for the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 10
    IEEE/ANSI 802.1G High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) ISO 3309 Frame Relaying Bearer Service Architectural Framework and Service Description, 1990. ANSI T1.606 Frame Relaying Bearer Service, Congestion Management Principles, 1991 Addendum 1. ANSI T1.606 DSS1 - Signalling Specification for Frame Relay
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 11
    Interface-Data Link Layer Specification, 1993. ITU-T (CCITT) Recommendation Q.921 ISDN Data Link Layer Specification for Frame Mode Bearer Services, 1992. ITU-T (CCITT) Recommendation Q.922 ISDN User-Network Interface Layer 3 Specification for Basic Call Control, 1993. ITU-T (CCITT) Recommendation
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 12
    Part I LAN and WAN Links and Services
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    facilities available of the different WAN services. WAN services include leased line, PPP, Frame Relay, ISDN and X.25 services. The different WAN services available in the Intel Express 8100 Router are described in the following chapters. LAN Services Introduction Local Area Networks (LAN) are
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 14
    LAN and WAN Services in the Router WAN Services LAN Services concept The following illustration indicates how LAN Services are embedded in the Intel Express 8100 Router. ROUTING (TCP/IP & IPX) and Bridging LAN SERVICES LAN Link Control Protocol Identification Ethernet LAN Port 0996 Ethernet
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 15
    LAN and WAN Services in the Router WAN Services WAN Services and Protocols Available WAN services overview WAN services are private or public data networks (PDNs) available to subscribers for interconnecting remote sites. The Intel Express 8100 Router supports: s Leased lines s Switched (dial-up)
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 16
    LAN and WAN Services in the Router WAN Services Data compression Timecut mode for dialup (switched) links Backup links Data compression is available for all WAN link types to improve the throughput. PPP and
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 17
    LAN and WAN Services in the Router WAN Services Timecut backup links considerations Timecut mode below. Problems otherwise occur when using the backup WAN Link. LAN 2 LAN 1 Primary WAN Link LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router A Backup WAN Link Intel Express Router
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 18
    ISDN and X.25 services, it is fail and link 6 is used if link 5 should fail. The Intel Express 8100 Router implements Timer Profiles which offer extensive facilities to restrict WAN to establish the WAN link. This can lead to the following problems for the calling router: s for dial-up WAN links,
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 19
    LAN and WAN Services in the Router WAN Services Example use of a timer profile For example, a timer If the link has been locked by the Daily Activity Limit, it stays locked until it is manually reset from Intel Device View. When a dial-up link has been locked by the Daily Activity Limit, the
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 20
    Protocol (PPP) and describes the features of the protocol offered by the Intel Express 8100 Router. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Introduction to PPP The IPX and the Bridging Control Protocol (BCP) for bridging services s authenticating peers using the Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 21
    -Point Protocol (PPP) PPP protocols PPP provides transport services for data packet delivery with low overheads and high and runs on top of the High-level Data Link Control protocol (HDLC) or Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN). When the HDLC or ISDN protocol has established the link, LCP
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 22
    connection needs to communicate with the office, they call in to the office Intel Express 8100 Router with a request for call back and then closes the connection. Note The router will then return the call. The router must support Call-Back or the link will not work. In some cases, Call-Back
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 23
    over PPP links, to improve the throughput. Both routers over the PPP link must support and be configured for PPP data compression for data compression to be used. The compression algorithm implemented in the Intel Express 8100 Router is based on the Stac* algorithm developed by Stac Electronics Inc
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 24
    the same encryption algorithm. Data encryption is negotiated by the ECP whenever the link is established. If the device over the PPP link does not support the ECP or the same encryption algorithm, the link is disconnected and a message is entered in the System Log for the router-data communications
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 25
    requests A device always tries to reply to a request for authentication from a peer, using the password defined for the User ID of the peer. In the Intel Express 8100 Router, a list of passwords for User IDs can be defined for both the router (global) and for individual PPP links. The passwords in
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 26
    Leased Lines Links Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Challenge handshake authentication procedure The procedure used to authenticate a peer over a PPP link is as follows: 1 The device which is authenticating the peer (Device 1) generates a random text file (random characters and a random length), and
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 27
    link access protection wherever possible. PAP can however be used when it is the only authentication protocol supported by the remote device. Replies to PAP requests A device (for example the Intel Express 8100 Router) always tries to reply to a request for authentication from a peer, using the
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 28
    Leased Lines Links Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) PAP requests from the router When PAP requests are enabled, the Intel Express 8100 Router authenticates the peer over the PPP link whenever the link is established. For on-demand (switched) PPP links including ISDN links, the
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 29
    number of Frame Relay links can be made via the same Frame Relay port. The Intel Express 8100 Router supports up to 5 Frame Relay links. This chapter gives an introduction to Frame Relay services in the Intel Express 8100 Router. Frame Relay Frame Relay is an interface specification that provides
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 30
    the transportation of information across a WAN. This may be, for example, T1 (1.5 Mbps) and E1 (2 Mbps) packet switches, and so on. Public Frame Relay services Public Frame Relay services see the deployment of Frame Relay switches via the Public Data Network (PDN). If you do not make use of public
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 31
    Frame Relay Services Data compression Data encryption Advantages of Frame Relay over leased data. Both routers over the Frame Relay link must support and be configured for Frame Relay data compression before data compression is used. Intel Express 8100 Routers use the Stac algorithm developed by
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 32
    Chapter 4 ISDN Services Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) in the Intel Express 8100 Router ISDN in the Intel Express 8100 Router Basic Rate Access (BRA) ISDN is supported by the following routers: Express 8100 Router with an ISDN S/T port which establishes a Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 33
    (IDN), that provides end-to-end digital connectivity to support a wide range of services, including voice and non-voice services, to which you have access by a limited set of the USA and Japan a 23B+D arrangement is used. Note The Intel Express 8100 Routers offer Basic Rate Access (BRA) only. 21
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 34
    volume of traffic rather than the duration of the call. These define the way in which certain standardized applications use ISDN. The following services are defined by CCITT: Telephony Provides two-way, real-time speech conversation. There are two types: s 3.1 kHz s 7 kHz, which provides speech and
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 35
    Handling System (MHS) Allows you to send and receive electronic mail via a "post box". Supplementary Services A Supplementary Service modifies or supplements a basic service. It may provide additional control functionality or provide information about an ISDN call. Some of the Supplementary
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 36
    to be added to a call to form a conference. Three-Party Service (3PTY) Allows you to switch between two calls. Advice of Charge point of connection to the network (an ISDN line). Each line can, however, support more than one terminal-see "BRA and PRA Numbering", p. 26 The number consists
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 37
    to the Remote Sub-address of the Calling router). Some of the address fields may be absent depending on the network and supplementary services available. The router accepts the call when both the destination and source address checks succeed. Address checking To ensure a one-to-one relationship
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 38
    more than one terminal directly. PRA (Primary Rate Access) Each ISDN line can support more than one terminal through an ISPBX (Integrated Services Private Branch Exchange) or multiplexer. There are therefore a number of mechanisms specified to allow an incoming call to be directed to a particular
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 39
    Line Identification The Calling Line Identification supplementary service is a country-dependent default service for EuroISDN. A Calling terminal can present address, and all of the terminals share the same ISDN number. An Intel Express 8100 Router with multiple ISDN links must have a separate sub-
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 40
    Line Identification supplementary service is a default service for EuroISDN. ISDN. The Permanent ISDN link types available in the Intel Express 8100 Routers with a Basic Rate Interface (BRI Permanent ISDN connections using the D-channel are not supported. These modes of operation for the ISDN Basic
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 41
    ISDN are currently in use around the world. The ISDN variants supported by the Intel Express 8100 Router are: s Euro ISDN (ETSI) EuroISDN is used ISDN in the USA require the use of SPIDs for identification of the services provided. For Northern Telecom DMS-100 ISDN switches, a SPID is required for
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 42
    ISDN Services ISDN Network Interface Reference Configurations ISDN Network Interface Reference Express 8100 RouterST with an ISDN S/T port S TE1 NT2 T NT1 ISDN Line 1633 The Intel Express 8100 Router with an ISDN U portcontains the following physical interfaces: Express 8100 RouterU with an
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 43
    Functional Groups ISDN Services ISDN Network Interface Reference Configurations The functional groups are: s NT1 TE1 but does not conform to ISDN recommendations s TA (Terminal Adapter-not required for the Intel Express 8100 Router) Allows a TE2 to be connected to the ISDN. It performs a conversion
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 44
    circuits, a number of links (virtual circuits) can be made via the same X.25 port. This chapter gives an introduction to X.25 services in the Intel Express 8100 Router. X.25 Characteristics Introduction to X.25 Packet Switched Data Networks (PSDNs) X.25 is an internationally agreed protocol for
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 45
    , Balanced (LAPB) where LAPB is the preferred link layer protocol and is the protocol implemented in the Intel Express 8100 Router. X.25 network layer (also known as packet layer) services give X.25 its virtual circuit characteristics. In addition to sending and receiving data packets, the network
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 46
    types available Logical channels Line speed matching X.25 allows two basic service access types to a PSDN: Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) An SVC is a temporary association between two DTEs. This requires that the link between the DTEs through
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 47
    X.25 Packets and Virtual Calls X.25 Services X.25 Packets and Virtual Calls Supervisory packets Virtual Call process In addition to data packets, X.25 uses special supervisory packets to: s establish Virtual Calls s clear
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 48
    sizes For PVCs, the packet and window sizes used when communicating across the X.25 network are fixed (static) and are defined by the X.25 service provider (typically packet size of 128 bytes and a window size of 2 packets). For SVCs, some X.25 networks allow negotiation of the packet and window
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 49
    Encapsulation X.25 Services X.25 Addressing Data packets for transmission over an X.25 link must be encapsulated. The Intel Express 8100 Router supports the following encapsulation types: Single-protocol Encapsulation of Datagrams The Intel Express 8100 Router allows single-protocol encapsulation
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 50
    X.25 Services X.25 Addressing Sub-addressing Address checking Destination address check Source address check Network Terminal Number (NTN) Network addresses within a DNIC (a particular data network provider within a
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 51
    Introduction Channel bundling Master link Slave links Configuration overview This chapter gives an introduction to PPP Multilinks in the Intel Express 8100 Router. The ISDN Intel Express 8100 Routers implements PPP Multilink facilities which allow multiple PPP links between two sites to be used as
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 52
    PPP Multilinks Operating modes The slave links that make a PPP Multilink can be used in two basic operating modes: Bandwidth-on-Demand (BOD) Mode When a slave link of a PPP Multilink is used in Bandwidth-on-Demand mode, the link is dynamically allocated when the data traffic volume requires its use
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 53
    best IP route to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Internet Service Provider (ISP) Link to ISP WAN Test Mode Internet Internet Tunnel Internet Service Provider (ISP) Link to ISP Express strongly recommended that you use the Setup Wizard in Intel Device View for Windows to set up your first
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 54
    route to the remote router via the link from the router to the Internet Service Provider must be established. If RIP routing is used without the static host route Note Data encryption is only available in certain models of the Intel Express 8100 Router which are available in some countries. The
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 55
    link to the remote IP network (the link via the Internet Service Provider). For example, this could be an ISDN link, in links, Internet Tunnels can be used on top of them. this offers all the security features supported by PPP (data encryption, CHAP and PAP) on the X.25 links. Tunnels adding device
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 56
    Internet Tunnels configured on the X.25 link to the IP address of the remote router (see "Static Routes", p. 68). Routing and bridging for data over the link are then configured on the Internet Tunnel. X.25 port (WAN port configured for X.25) X.25 link (PVC or SVC) - Up to 2 links - Static IP
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 57
    Part II IP, Novell IPX and Bridging Services
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  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 59
    8 IP Routing In this chapter This chapter describes IP Routing services based upon the Routing Information Protocol (RIP-both RIP-1 and RIP-2 are supported), and using static routes implemented in the Intel Express 8100 Router. IP Concept Concept description Background knowledge References
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 60
    IP Routing IP Concept Frame types and type codes IP Frame types are described in Appendix D "IP Frame Formats", p. 126. The following Ethernet type codes are used in IP environment, also see Appendix C "Ethernet Type Codes", p. 121: Type field 0800 0806 Description DOD Internet Protocol (IP)
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 61
    Class C address Class D address Addresses available IP Subnets Why subnetting? What is subnetting? IP Routing IP Concept The class C address comprises a 21-bit network number and a 8-bit local address. The three highest-order bits are set to 1 1 0. This allows 2,072,640 class C networks. 1 2 3
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 62
    Characteristics How to create subnets Subnet masks IP Routing IP Concept An IP subnet functions as an independent network. To a remote network it appears to be a single discrete network. To create a subnet you must impose a hierarchy on host addresses which allows for multiple subnets to exist
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 63
    of hosts which have not previously been communicated with (for example, hosts which have just been switched on and added to the network). When the Intel Express 8100 Router receives an IP data packet which has to be transmitted to a local un- 51
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 64
    management of IP connections. ICMP messages are generated by routers detecting a problem within the IP part of the packet header. A router may ICMP Echo messages by the router. The PING function can be initiated from Intel Device View for Windows. A router that receives an ICMP Echo message which
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    by the Receive and Transmit filters implemented for different links. Note Filters must be defined as strictly as possible to eliminate unauthorized access to services, hosts and networks. 53
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 66
    the IP links. Defining filters for firewall protection to ensure unauthorized access to services, networks and hosts can be very complex. Two very good books on s Firewalls and Internet Security Bill Cheswick and Steve Bellowin The Intel Express 8100 Router can contain a list of filters for each
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 67
    filtered by the default filter action. This is a useful tool for troubleshooting the filters to ensure that they are operating as expected, and for detecting in the System Log for the router which cabn be displayed for Intel Device View for Windows. The details logged are the source and destination
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 68
    to Port X (where X > 1023). TELNET command. Filters are required in Intel Express 8100 Router 1 to protect LAN 1 from unauthorized access and so that Host 2. The filters required are as follows: Rx Filter on WAN 1 of Intel Express 8100 Router 1 This filter only allows TCP access from the WAN link
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 69
    IP Routing IP Concept Tx Filter on WAN 1 of Intel Express 8100 Router 1 This filter only allows TCP access to the WAN link from Host 1 to Host 2, with a source port of greater than 1023 (unassigned
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 70
    Mapping methods How NAT works IP Routing IP Concept NAT can use one of the following mapping methods: Static Mapping Static Mapping can be used to translate an internal network to an equal sized external network (for example a class B network to a class B network). Static Mapping, can also be used
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 71
    IP Routing IP Concept NAT and routing NAT on the LAN link NAT and IP filtering NAT and RIP updates For IP packets transmitted from the router, the packet is first routed to the appropriate LAN or WAN link using the destination address included in the packet from the source then translated using the
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 72
    ) could be translated to the external class B network address 177.4.4.8. Class B network Router 1 using NAT with Static Mapping LAN AN1W AN2W System Intel Express Router 9200 ® 10.10.0.0 Class B network Internal External IP Address IP Address 10.10.2.3 10.10.7.4 10.10.3.9 10.10.6.1 10
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 73
    . Up to 65,536 addresses Class B network Router 1 using NAT with Dynamic Mapping LAN PRI Line System ISDN Quality Intel Express Router 9400 10.2.0.0 Internal External IP Address IP Address Assigned 1 10.2.4.7 2 10.2.3.1 3 10.2.8.2 4 10.2.4.5 5 10.2.1.3 6 10.2.4.2 7 10.2.4.1 177
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    IP Routing IP Concept Static Mapping to internal addresses for Dynamic Mapping Examples of Use Simple address translation is restarted following every communication. After 1 hour, the address can be reused for another address translation if required but remains available until it is reused for
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 75
    IP Routing IP Concept NAT between networks with the same network number When using NAT, it is possible to have a number of networks which use the same network number. In this case, an artificial network number must be created to which packets are addressed. Two entries must be made in the NAT
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 76
    an adjacent router for 180 seconds or more, it marks the routes served by the adjacent router as unusable. RIP-1 and RIP-2 standards The Intel Express 8100 Router supports both RIP-1 and RIP-2. RIP-1 is the original standard as defined by RFC 1058. RIP-2 is an update of RIP-1 and is defined
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 77
    case, the router performs conversion between the two RIP versions. Router RIP-1 LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router RIP-1 LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® RIP-2 not allowed Subnet1 using RIP-1 RIP-1 Router LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System RIP
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 78
    Router RIP-1 or RIP-2 is selected on an IP-link basis within the Intel Express 8100 Router during configuration. That is, RIP-1 or RIP-2 is selected for each router link configured for IP routing services during configuration. RIP Metrics RIP metric Each router link has an associated RIP metric
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 79
    available bandwidth for data communications. RIP updates can be an additional problem over dial-up (switched) WAN links as the link can RIP) LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® #2 Router 3 (triggered RIP) LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® 1350 In the
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 80
    IP Routing Static Routes Static Routes Definition A static route is a permanent entry in the routing table. Purpose The purpose of setting a static route is to create a permanent route to an IP network or host. This can be done for the following reasons: s to eliminate Routing Information
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    must be assigned to the network of the device being booted. Subnet 1 Express Router LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router being booted Static Route Subnet 2 Characteristics Static routes and the RIP metrics Boot
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    RIP. Internetworks 126.0.0.0 17.0.0.0 75.0.0.0 LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router X (89.0.1.3) LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router 1 Router 2 LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Subnet 1 Solution 70 LAN WAN 1 WAN
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 83
    In this chapter This chapter describes Novell IPX/SPX Routing services in the Intel Express 8100 Router. Novell Routing Concept Concept description Novell IPX routing is based upon a Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Service Advertising Protocol (SAP). Note Note that Novell IPX RIP is
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 84
    information. SAP The Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) is Novell's implementa- tion of name-service. All services (for example, fi supports different types of Ethernet frames. The frame type supported depends on the default value of the specific Novell driver. The different frame type supported
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    network equipment. Well-known sockets assigned by Novell. The Novell metrics are used to calculate the optimal route between networks (for IPX RIP) and services (for IPX SAP). Novell metrics use the following to calculate the best routes: Delays (Ticks) The delay is the time associated with sending
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 86
    . However, in some cases the metrics for a link may need to be calculated manually. Note The delay for a route or service is the accumulated delays for all the paths to the route or service. The metrics can be calculated manually as follows: Delays (Ticks) The delay for a link is associated with the
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 87
    Mbps) than over the link with a baud rate of 9600 bps. LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router 1 9600 baud LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router 5 LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router 2 net 1 LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System
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    following section. IPX WAN Protocol IPX WAN 2 Protocol Numbered and unnumbered WAN links The Intel Express 8100 Router supports the IPX WAN 2 protocol as defined by Novell in Novell NetWare Link Services Protocol Specification Rev 1.0, Chapter 3-IPX WAN Version 2, Novell part No. 100-001708-002
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    Novell IPX Routing Novell Routing Concept Negotiation over a WAN link When the WAN link is initialized, the IPX WAN protocol running in the routers at either end of the WAN Link negotiates various parameters to ensure that the routers are communicating on the same terms. Negotiation proceeds as
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 90
    Routing Concept IPX watchdog packets over WAN links A problem with IPX watchdog packets occurs when communication between clients and Novell Server Watchdog packets Watchdog responses LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router 1 WAN with an on-demand timecut connection LAN
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 91
    Routing Concept IPX watchdog spoofing To counteract the problem of sending watchdog packets over dial-up (switched) number it is using itself, it complains about license violations. Discarded by the Intel Express 8100 Router As IPX Serialization Packets are sent by NetWare servers at regular
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 92
    over WAN links As with IPX watchdog packets, SPX keep-alive packets can cause problems when communicating over dial-up (switched) WAN links. If a number of SPX 2 Network devices Session 3 LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router 1 WAN with an on-demand timecut connection
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 93
    WAN with an on-demand timecut connection LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router 2 with SPX Spoofing Session 2 Network devices alive by SPX spoofing must therefore be avoided. To counter this problem, a configurable SPX session timeout is initiated for each session which
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 94
    IPX Data Filters IPX data filters IPX data filters are defined on a link basis in the Intel Express 8100 Router, and separate filters are implemented for transmit (for restricting IPX packets leaving the ned as strictly as possible to eliminate unauthorized access to services, hosts and networks. 82
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 95
    IPX Routing Novell Routing Concept Each filter in the Intel Express 8100 Router can be setup to pass or be filtered. For example, with a Network Address of ABC00000 and a Network Mask: FFF00000, service information will be filtered from/to all servers on the networks beginning with ABC. Source Node
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 96
    . It is therefore sometimes desirable to eliminate these diagnostics from WAN links, and this can be done using the IPX data filters implemented in the Intel Express 8100 Router. Note IPX ping may be affected by these filters, depending on whether the implementation of ping in the device which is
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 97
    routers. s Responds to requesting routers s informs about the latest internetwork configuration s informs about any topology changes in the internetwork The Intel Express 8100 Router uses ISO-9577 (SNAP) encapsulation when communicating over WAN Links. When talking to other routers via a WAN Link
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 98
    information on packet switched networks can be high, as the carrier charges you for every byte transmitted. Routing information entering and leaving a Intel Express 8100 Router can be filtered to remove unwanted routing information. For example, this may be done to: s restrict access between certain
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 99
    on the internetwork. A SAP agent is part of an IPX router/server. SAP Filtering Introduction Service information entering and leaving a Intel Express 8100 Router can be filtered to remove unwanted services. For example, this may be done to: s restrict access to servers from certain networks
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 100
    used to prioritise the uses of WAN links for routing. Note If RIP and/or SAP is disabled over a WAN link, static routes and services to all the networks and services over the WAN link must be established. The router may not be able to discover them otherwise. When static routes and
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 101
    X.31 Channel 2 Channel 1 ISDN Switch Static backup route to #2 Static backup route to #1 Static service to server Static backup route to server's internal net no. Router 3 Status Intel Express 8100 Router LAN 100 Mbps X.31 Channel 2 Channel 1 ISDN Switch Secondary route #2 PC 1700
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 102
    s To allow the PC to access the server on network 1, an additional static backup route to the internal network number of the server and a static service to the server must be established in router 3. Novell IPX servers use an internal network number which must be used when routing information to the
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 103
    RIP and SAP over the WAN link and establishing static routes and services over the WAN link. This eliminates all routing traffic from the WAN A LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router 1 Link 1 PDN LAN WAN 1 WAN 2 System Intel Express Router 9200 ® Router 2 LAN
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 104
    -alive packets to remote clients. This cost-reduced WAN example can be further improved by using RIP and SAP filtering to reduce the routing and service access information exchange over the WAN link (see "RIP Filtering", p. 86 and "SAP Filtering", p. 87). 92
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 105
    In this chapter This chapter describes configuring the Intel Express 8100 Router to use bridging services and to use Spanning Tree Algorithm. Introduction to WAN Bridging WAN Bridging The Intel Express 8100 Router can bridge packets between the LAN and a WAN link or between the two WAN links
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 106
    Otherwise the packet is bridged. Bridging TCP/IP and Novell IPX The Intel Express 8100 Router is normally set up to route TCP/IP and Novell of these protocols is disabled, the router automatically bridges them if bridging services are enabled. The router cannot route a protocol to between two links
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 107
    implement than routed networks from the Network Managers point of view. Bridging Services use Forwarding Tables to decide where packets should be bridged to. s If forwarding tables is given in "Operation of the Bridge in the Intel Express 8100 Router", p. 101. Forwarding tables are described in the
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 108
    WAN Bridging Services How Bridging Works Destination Forwarding Tables There are two destination Forwarding Tables implemented in the router-a Unicast Destination Forwarding Table and a Multicast Destination Forwarding Table.
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 109
    bridge learning Bridge learning can be disabled so that the Unicast Destination Forwarding Table only contains Static entries defined during configuration of bridging services. In addition, the bridge can be set up to discard packets received for bridging which do not appear in the Unicast or
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 110
    WAN Bridging Services How Bridging Works Default static Multicast destinations A number of factory default entries are included in the Multicast Destination Forwarding Table. These default entries are set
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 111
    WAN Bridging Services How Bridging Works Source Forwarding Table The Source Forwarding Table contains the network access rights for associated source MAC addresses. Each entry in the table
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 112
    WAN Bridging Services How Bridging Works The Default Action in the central site router is set to Discard Multicast, and the MAC addresses of the remote routers are
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 113
    WAN Bridging Services How Bridging Works Forwarding tables used Bridged packets are processed by all the Forwarding Tables before being forwarded. A packet which is allowed to pass by one Forwarding Table can therefore be rejected by another Forwarding Table. Operation of the Bridge in the Intel
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 114
    WAN Bridging Services How Bridging Works Packet processing by the Destination Forwarding Tables If the packet does not correspond to the entries in any of the Forwarding Tables,
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 115
    WAN Bridging Services How Bridging Works Processing by the Source Forwarding Table Packets which are passed by the Destination Forwarding Table are then checked by the Source Forwarding
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 116
    WAN Bridging Services How Bridging Works Forwarding example 1 4 If no entry is found corresponding to both the Ethernet packet type and the Default Action of the Type Forwarding
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 117
    WAN Bridging Services How Bridging Works Forwarding example 2 An incoming packet is received by the router for bridging on the LAN link. The packet has a destination MAC address
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 118
    Works Controlled Bridging Normal use of forwarding tables Bridging services usually forward all or most packets received for bridging (unshaded area) of the total number of packets received for bridging. The Intel Express 8100 Router allows packets which do not appear in the forwarding tables to
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 119
    WAN Bridging Services How Bridging Works The above diagram represents the data forwarded (unshaded area) of the total number of packets received for bridging. This way of controlling
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 120
    Services cannot learn remote destinations. Spanning Tree Algorithm Bridging Loops Problem with conventional bridges The following figure shows a simple Bridge B Matchbox Router #3 1043 Note In the case of the Intel Express 8100 Router, a bridge between two LAN segments consists of two
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 121
    WAN Bridging Services Spanning Tree Algorithm If either of the two bridges fails, one of IEEE and ISO have drawn up a proposal for a standard which offers a solution to "network loops" problem. The solution is called "The Spanning Tree Protocol", and is described in IEEE document 802.1D "Local MAC
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 122
    WAN Bridging Services Spanning Tree Algorithm Bridging loop detection and removal Within the Spanning Tree Algorithm, bridges connected in a LAN must be capable of detecting potential "bridge loops",
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 123
    WAN Bridging Services Spanning Tree Algorithm Network extension If the network is extended, the Router Bridge D Matchbox Router Blocked by Bridge B Matchbox Router #3 1047 Spanning Tree in the Intel Express 8100 Router Bridges and links Each bridge is identified by a Bridge ID, and each link
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 124
    WAN Bridging Services Spanning Tree Algorithm Bridge ports and router links In bridging, "port" is used to describe each connection to the bridge. In the router, "port" used to describe the physical LAN and WAN ports, and WAN and ports can support more than one WAN link. For the purposes of
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 125
    Packet propagation WAN Bridging Services Spanning Tree Algorithm By enforcing this strict hierarchy, and by only forwarding packets between Root Ports and Designated Ports, the possibility of bridging loops is
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 126
    WAN Bridging Services Bridge Spoofing Bridge Spoofing BPDU Spoofing Configuration when the bridged network topology changes. To counteract the problem of Configuration BPDU packets taking up excessive WAN link bandwidth the Intel Express 8100 Router implements Bridge Spoofing. When Bridge Spoofing
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 127
    Services Bridge Bridge Spoofing Bridge Spoofing can only be used between two Intel Express 8100 Routers. Bridge Spoofing cannot be used on WAN links . for satisfactory operation. Bridge Spoofing is set up when setting up bridging services for a WAN link, on the Advanced screen. Note Bridge Spoofing
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 128
    Appendices
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 129
    packets to communicate between network devices of, for example, the reachable networks and services and the network topology. These supervisory packets take link bandwidth which is particular problem over a WAN links which generally have a more restricted bandwidth. This appendix allows you
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 130
    Bandwidth Overheads and Requirements Example bandwidth usages for IPX RIP Example bandwidth usages for IPX SAP Bandwidths used by Spanning Tree bridging services Example bandwidth usages for Spanning Tree bridging s each IPX RIP packet can only contain 50 entries, i.e., if more than 50 stations
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 131
    User Data Protocol (UDP) to name the ends of logical connections which carry long-term associations. For the purpose of providing services to unknown callers, a service contact port is defined. The following list specifies the ports used by the server process as its contact port. The contact port
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 132
    TCP and UDP Port Numbers Decimal Keyword Protocol 162 SNMP Trap UDP 520 RIP 2049 NFS UDP UDP Description Simple Network Management Protocol Traps. Routing Information Protocol. Network File Servers. 120
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 133
    Appendix C Ethernet Type Codes Ethernet Type Codes The following table lists the known Ethernet type codes. Type field 0000-5DC 0101-01FF 0200 0201 0600 0800 0801 0802 0803 0804 0805 0806 0807 081C 0888-088A 0900 0A00 0A01 0BAD 0BAE Description IEEE 802.3 length field Experimental-for development
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 134
    Local Area Transport (LAT) DEC DECNet Diagnostics DEC DECNet Customer Use DEC Local Area VAX Cluster (LAVC) DEC unassigned DEC unassigned 3Com Corporation Ungermann-Bass (UB) download UB diagnostic/loopback LRT (England) Proteon Cronus VIN Cronus Direct HP Probe protocol Nestar AT&T Excelan Silicon
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 135
    Ethernet Type Codes Type field 8015 8016 8019 802E 802F 8035 8036 8038 8039 803A 803B 803C 803D 803E 803F 8040 8041 8042 8044 8046-8047 8049 805B 805C 8060 8062 8065-8066 8067 8068 8069 806A Description Silicon Graphics reserved type (obsolete) Silicon Graphics XNS NameServer, bounce server (
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 136
    Banyan VINES Echo 80C6 Pacer Software 80C7 Applitek Corporation 80C8-80CC Intergraph Corporation 80CD-80CE Harris Corporation 80CF-80D2 Taylor Instrument 80D3-80D4 Rosemount Corporation 80D5 IBM SNA Services over Ethernet 80DD Varian Associated 80DE Integrated Solutions Transparent
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 137
    Ethernet Type Codes Type field 80F2 80F3 80F4-80F5 80F7 80FF-8103 8069 807B 8107 8108 8109 8130 8131 8137 8138 8139-813D 9000 9001 9002 FF00 Description Retix Kinetics AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP) Kinetics Apollo Computer Wellfleet Communications AT&T Dansk Data Electronik A/S
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 138
    IP Ethernet Type header The frame format of an IP packet is as follows: IP header Version Internet Header Length (ILH) Type of service Total length Identification Flags Fragment offset Time to live Protocol Header checksum Source address Destination address Options (if any) Data An IP Ethernet
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 139
    E Novell IPX Frame Formats Introduction IPX packets IPX Ethernet 802.3 header Novell IPX supports different frame types-the frame type supported depends on the Novell driver. This appendix describes the different frame type supported by Novell IPX. The frame format of an IPX packet is as follows
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 140
    Novell IPX Frame Formats IPX Ethernet 802.2 header An IPX Ethernet 802.2 (also called LSAP) header looks like this: Destination Address Source Address Length DSAP SSAP Control field 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte = E0 1 byte = E0 1 byte IPX SNAP header An IPX SNAP header looks like this:
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 141
    Novell IPX Frame Formats Token Ring SNAP Route Control Direction Route Designator 1 .... ..... Route Designator n DSAP SSAP Control 1 byte 2 bytes 2 bytes 2 bytes 1 byte = E0 1 byte = E0 1 byte = 03 The DSAP and SSAP contained in a Token Ring SNAP packet indicates SNAP encapsulation. Protocol
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 142
    and Object types The following table indicates different kinds of Novell services and associated objects that are currently known: Service User User Group Print Queue File Server Job Server Gateway Print Server Archive Queue Archive Server Job Queue Administration NAS SNA Gateway NACS Remote
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 143
    Service Btrieve VAP 5.0 SQL VAP/NLM Xtree Nw Version BTRIEVE VAP 4.xx Print Queue user EICON Router ARCserver SSA CSA STATUS CSA APPC SNA TEST CSA TRACE Communication Exec. NNS Domain NNS profile NSS Queue Novell IPX Service Types Object 4b 4c 4d 50 53 58 66 72 7a 92 98 9e a1 ac 107 114 115 116 117
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 144
    Service Compaq SNMP Agent HP Laserjet ARCserve 4.0 NW SQL Sitelock Intel Netport (Print Server) WordPerfect Network v. Wildcard Novell IPX Service Types Object 174 30c 3c4 3de 4808 8002 8888 FFFF 132
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 145
    Index Index Numerics 7 hop limit (bridging 113 A Abbreviations iv Acronyms iv Address notation (Novell 72 resolution (IP 51 Resolution Protocol (ARP 51 B Backup WAN Links - considerations for timecut . . 5 WAN Links - description 4 Bandwidth-on-Demand (PPP Multilink) operation 40 Basic
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 146
    action for unknown sources 99 Delay (ticks - Novell IPX) description 73 manually calculating for static routes . . . . 74 Destination address check (X. . . 128 802.3 header format (Novell IPX) . . . . . 127 services 2 type codes 121 Type header format (IP 126 F Features of Frame Relay 17
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 147
    H Hops (Novell IPX) description 73 manually calculating for static routes . . . . 74 I ICMP protocol 52 28 Primary Rate Access (PRA 21 protocol variant supported 29 standards supported 28 Supplementary services 23 Tele services 22 use of SPIDs 29 User-network interface reference
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 148
    2 Protocol 76 looping packets 76 metrics 73 metrics - manually calculating 74 metrics example 75 network number assignments 73 packet 79 sockets reserved by Novell 73 SPX, see Novell SPX static routes and services 88 watchdog spoofing 79 Novell IPX routing example use of a static backup
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 149
    RFCs 1356 encapsulation (X.25 37 877 encapsulation (X.25 37 list of supported v RIP (IP 64 and NAT 59 differences between RIP-1 and 87 broadcasts 87 filtering 87 Rx filters 88 Server Information Table 87 Services & object types 130 Tx filters 88 Semi-Permanent ISDN 28 Serialization
  • Intel ER8100STUS | Reference Manual - Page 150
    general facilities available 3 Leased lines 3 maximum number of 3 types supported 3 Watchdog (Novell IPX) packets 77 packets over WAN links 78 36 Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) - description of 34 service types available 34 supervisory packets 35 Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs
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Intel Express 8100 Router
Reference Manual