“AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT
NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE
LIBRARY IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE LIBRARY
PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST
OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR
CORRECTION.
16. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY
APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY
OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE LIBRARY AS PERMITTED
ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT
OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE LIBRARY
(INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA
OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR
LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR
A FAILURE OF THE LIBRARY TO OPERATE WITH
ANY OTHER SOFTWARE), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER
OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New
Libraries
If you develop a new library, and you want it to be of the
greatest possible use to the public, we recommend making
it free soſtware that everyone can redistribute and change.
You can do so by permitting redistribution under these
terms (or, alternatively, under the terms of the ordinary
General Public License).
To apply these terms, attach the following notices to
the library. It is safest to attach them to the start of each
source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of
warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright”
line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the library’s name and an idea of what it
does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
°is library is free soſtware; you can redistribute it
and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser
General Public License as published by the Free Soſtware
Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your
option) any later version.
°is library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser
General Public License along with this library; if not,
write to the Free Soſtware Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple
Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic
and paper mail.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a
programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a “copyright
disclaimer” for the library, if necessary. Here is a sample;
alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in
the library `Frob’ (a library for tweaking knobs) written
by James Random Hacker.
signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1990
Ty Coon, President of Vice
°at’s all there is to it!
GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Soſtware Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307,
USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim
copies of this license document, but changing it is not
allowed.
Preamble
°e licenses for most soſtware are designed to take away
your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the
GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee
your freedom to share and change free soſtware--to make
sure the soſtware is free for all its users. °is General
Public License applies to most of the Free Soſtware
Foundation’s soſtware and to any other program whose
authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Soſtware
Foundation soſtware is covered by the GNU Library
General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your
programs, too.
When we speak of free soſtware, we are referring to
freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are
designed to make sure that you have the freedom to
distribute copies of free soſtware (and charge for this
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To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that
forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to
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For example, if you distribute copies of such a program,
whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients
all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they,
too, receive or can get the source code. And you must
show them these terms so they know their rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the
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Also, for each author’s protection and ours, we want to
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Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by
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redistributors of a free program will individually obtain
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To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent
must be licensed for everyone’s free use or not licensed at
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°e precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution
and modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING,
DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. °is License applies to any program or other work
which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder
saying it may be distributed under the terms of this
General Public License. °e “Program”, below, refers to
any such program or work, and a “work based on the
Program” means either the Program or any derivative
work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing
the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
(Hereinaſter, translation is included without limitation
in the term “modification”.) Each licensee is addressed as
“you”.
Activities other than copying, distribution and
modification are not covered by this License; they are
outside its scope. °e act of running the Program is not
restricted, and the output from the Program is covered
only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running
the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the
Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the
Program’s source code as you receive it, in any medium,
provided that you conspicuously and appropriately
publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and
disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that
refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of
this License along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring
a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty
protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program
or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the
Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or
work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that
you also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent
notices stating that you changed the files and the date of
any change.
b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish,
that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the
Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole
at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this
License.
c) If the modified program normally reads commands
interactively when run, you must cause it, when started
running for such interactive use in the most ordinary
way, to print or display an announcement including an
appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is
no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty)
and that users may redistribute the program under these
conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive
but does not normally print such an announcement, your
work based on the Program is not required to print an
announcement.)
°ese requirements apply to the modified work as a
whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived
from the Program, and can be reasonably considered
independent and separate works in themselves, then this
License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections
when you distribute them as separate works. But when
you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which
is a work based on the Program, the distribution of
the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose
permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole,
and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote
it.
°us, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights
or contest your rights to work written entirely by you;
rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the
distribution of derivative or collective works based on the
Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based
on the Program with the Program (or with a work based
on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution
medium does not bring the other work under the scope of
this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work
based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable
form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided
that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding
machine-readable source code, which must be distributed
under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for soſtware interchange; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least
three years, to give any third party, for a charge no
more than your cost of physically performing source
distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the
corresponding source code, to be distributed under the
terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily
used for soſtware interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you received as to
the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (°is
alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution
and only if you received the program in object code
or executable form with such an offer, in accord with
Subsection b above.)
°e source code for a work means the preferred form of
the work for making modifications to it. For an executable
work, complete source code means all the source
code for all modules it contains, plus any associated
interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control
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as a special exception, the source code distributed need
not include anything that is normally distributed (in
either source or binary form) with the major components
(compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on
which the executable runs, unless that component itself
accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by
offering access to copy from a designated place, then
offering equivalent access to copy the source code from
the same place counts as distribution of the source code,
even though third parties are not compelled to copy the
source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
Program except as expressly provided under this License.
Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or
distribute the Program is void, and will automatically
terminate your rights under this License. However, parties
who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as
such parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you
have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you
permission to modify or distribute the Program or its
derivative works. °ese actions are prohibited by law if
you do not accept this License. °erefore, by modifying
or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License
to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
distributing or modifying the Program or works based on
it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work
based on the Program), the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensor to copy,
distribute or modify the Program subject to these
terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients’ exercise of the rights granted
herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance
by third parties to this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation
of patent infringement or for any other reason (not
limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you
(whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that
contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you
cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your
obligations under this License and any other pertinent
obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute
the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would
not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through
you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this
License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of
the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or
unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the
balance of the section is intended to apply and the section
as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to
infringe any patents or other property right claims or
to contest validity of any such claims; this section has
the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free
soſtware distribution system, which is implemented by
public license practices. Many people have made generous
contributions to the wide range of soſtware distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application
of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he
or she is willing to distribute soſtware through any other
system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
°is section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is
believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is
restricted in certain countries either by patents or by
copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder
who places the Program under this License may add an
explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in
or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this
License incorporates the limitation as if written in the
body of this License.
9. °e Free Soſtware Foundation may publish revised
and/or new versions of the General Public License from
time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit
to the present version, but may differ in detail to address
new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If
the Program specifies a version number of this License
which applies to it and “any later version”, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of
that version or of any later version published by the Free
Soſtware Foundation. If the Program does not specify
a version number of this License, you may choose any
version ever published by the Free Soſtware Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program
into other free programs whose distribution conditions
are different, write to the author to ask for permission.
For soſtware which is copyrighted by the Free Soſtware
Foundation, write to the Free Soſtware Foundation; we
sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be
guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
all derivatives of our free soſtware and of promoting the
sharing and reuse of soſtware generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE
OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE
PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE
STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM
“AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT
NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE
PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM
PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST
OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR
CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY
APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY
OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED
ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF
THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM
(INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA
OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR
LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR
A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH
ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER
OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New
Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of
the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to
achieve this is to make it free soſtware which everyone
can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It
is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to
most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and
each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a
pointer to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program’s name and an idea of what
it does.>
Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
°is program is free soſtware; you can redistribute it and/
or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License as published by the Free Soſtware Foundation;
either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any
later version.
°is program is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without
even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General
Public License along with this program; if not, write to
the Free Soſtware Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place -
Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic
and paper mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice
like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of
author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO
WARRANTY; for details
type `show w’. °is is free soſtware, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c’
for details.
°e hypothetical commands `show w’ and `show c’
should show the appropriate parts of the General Public
License. Of course, the commands you use may be called
something other than `show w’ and `show c’; they could
even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a
programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a “copyright
disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. Here is a
sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest
in the program `Gnomovision’ (which makes passes at
compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
°is General Public License does not permit incorporating
your program into proprietary programs. If your program
is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to
permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If
this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
Public License instead of this License.
conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions
on the recipients’ exercise of the rights granted herein.
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third
parties with this License.
11. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation
of patent infringement or for any other reason (not
limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you
(whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that
contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you
cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your
obligations under this License and any other pertinent
obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute
the Library at all. For example, if a patent license would
not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Library by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through
you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this
License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of
the Library.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or
unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the
balance of the section is intended to apply, and the section
as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to
infringe any patents or other property right claims or
to contest validity of any such claims; this section has
the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free
soſtware distribution system which is implemented by
public license practices. Many people have made generous
contributions to the wide range of soſtware distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application
of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he
or she is willing to distribute soſtware through any other
system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
°is section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is
believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
12. If the distribution and/or use of the Library is
restricted in certain countries either by patents or by
copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder
who places the Library under this License may add an
explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in
or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this
License incorporates the limitation as if written in the
body of this License.
13. °e Free Soſtware Foundation may publish revised
and/or new versions of the Lesser General Public License
from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in
spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Library specifies a version number of this License
which applies to it and “any later version”, you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of
that version or of any later version published by the Free
Soſtware Foundation. If the Library does not specify a
license version number, you may choose any version ever
published by the Free Soſtware Foundation.
14. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Library into
other free programs whose distribution conditions are
incompatible with these, write to the author to ask for
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Free Soſtware Foundation, write to the Free Soſtware
Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our
decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the
free status of all derivatives of our free soſtware and of
promoting the sharing and reuse of soſtware generally.
NO WARRANTY
15. BECAUSE THE LIBRARY IS LICENSED FREE
OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR
THE LIBRARY, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE
STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE LIBRARY
containing the modified Library. (It is understood that
the user who changes the contents of definitions files in
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b) Use a suitable shared library mechanism for linking
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