Yamaha DS2416 DS2416 Owners Manual - Page 12
Wordclocks, the sampling rate of digital audio is a complicated process, so it's best to use
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10 Wordclocks Wordclocks Unlike analog audio equipment, digital audio equipment must be synchronized when digital audio is transferred from one device to another, otherwise, the digital audio might not be read correctly and audible noise, glitches, or clicks may occur. Synchronization is achieved using what's called a wordclock, which is a clock signal for synchronizing all the digital audio words in an audio system. Note that wordclocks are not the same as SMPTE or MIDI timecode, which are used to synchronize audio recorders, MIDI sequencers, and so on. Wordclock synchronization refers to the synchronization of the digital audio processing circuits inside each digital audio device. In a typical digital audio system, one device acts as the wordclock master and the other devices act as wordclock slaves, synchronizing to the wordclock master. If the DS2416 is the only digital audio device in your system, no special wordclock settings are required, as the DS2416 synchronizes to its own internal wordclock. Add a DAT recorder or digital multitrack recorder, however, and you must decide which device to use as wordclock master and which devices to use as slaves. Even when you've done this and configured your system, it may sometimes be necessary to change the wordclock settings, such as when recording from a DAT or CD player. Wordclocks run at the same frequency as the sampling rate. The DS2416 generates its own wordclock at 44.1 kHz (the industry-standard sampling rate for music CDs) or 48 kHz and can be used as wordclock master. Alternatively, it can be used as a wordclock slave synchronized to an external wordclock of between 30.08 kHz and 50.88 kHz (32 kHz -6% to 48 kHz +6%). Converting the sampling rate of digital audio is a complicated process, so it's best to use the 44.1 kHz sampling rate, especially if your work is destined for CD distribution. Wordclock signals can be distributed via dedicated cables or derived from standard digital audio connections, such as the D IN and D OUT connections on the DS2416. With Coaxial digital audio connections, a wordclock signal is transmitted even when no audio signal is present. The DS2416 can also transmit and receive wordclock signals via its SI, SO, IO-A, and IO-B connectors. In a system where all devices share a common wordclock, it's important that all devices be turned on even when they're not being used. Turn on the wordclock master first, and then the slaves. When shutting down the system, turn off the slaves first, and then the master. Before commencing with a recording session, make sure that all wordclock slaves are synchronized to the master. Some devices have front panel indicators to show when they are wordclock synchronized. Refer to the instructions for each device. DS2416-Owner's Manual