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Understanding How to Read Histograms, Evaluating Exposure

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Understanding How to Read Histograms The histogram is a graph that displays relative brightness in an image, from pure black to pure white. The area under the graph represents all the pixels in the image. From left to right, the histogram describes the range of dark pixels (shadows), gray pixels (midtones), and bright pixels (highlights) in the image. The shape of the histogram graph depends on the tonality of the scene and the exposure. Brightness increases Pixels increase Shadows Midtones Highlights Evaluating Exposure Histograms are good tools for evaluating exposure. For example, a series of peaks in the darker side of the histogram often indicates an underexposed image that consists mainly of dark pixels. 360 Part III Performing Image Adjustments

Section	Page
Aperture User Manual	1
Contents	3
Introducing Aperture	13
What’s Next?	14
PartI: Interface and Acquisition	15
An Overview of Aperture	17
A First Look at Aperture	18
About Aperture Sample Projects	19
Creating Projects and Importing Your Photos	19
Creating Projects	20
Importing Images	21
Importing Files from Your Body of Work	22
Photo Editing with Aperture	23
Viewing and Working with Images	23
Working with Heads-Up Displays	25
Working with Inspectors	26
Rating Images with Aperture	27
Finding and Displaying Images with the Query HUD	28
Comparing Photos	29
Stacking Images	30
Assigning Keywords to Images	31
Grouping Images with Smart Albums	32
Image Processing	34
Distribution	35
Presenting Your Images in Slideshows	36
Reviewing Images in the Aperture Light Table	37
Publishing Your Images in Webpages and Web Journals	38
Printing Your Images in Books	39
Printing and Exporting Images	40
Sharing Images with iLife and iWork Applications	40
Backing Up Your Work	41
The Aperture Interface	43
The Aperture Main Window	44
Arranging the Interface	44
Browser	45
Browser in Filmstrip View	45
Browser in Grid View	46
Browser in List View	47
Viewer	48
Tool Strip	49
Display Controls	50
Full Screen View	50
Controls in the Filmstrip	52
Controls in the Toolbar	53
Inspector Pane	57
Projects Inspector	58
Metadata Inspector	58
Adjustments Inspector	60
Toolbar	61
Control Bar	62
Keyword Controls	63
Rating Buttons	63
Navigation Buttons	64
Import Pane	64
Vault Pane	65
Book Layout Editor	66
Pages Pane	66
Book Layout Controls	67
Text, Metadata, and Photo Box Buttons	68
Page Display Controls	68
Cover and Page Display Buttons	69
Printing and Page Navigation Buttons	69
Webpage Editor	70
Webpage Controls	70
Web Journal Controls	71
Light Table	73
Heads-Up Displays	74
Inspector HUD	74
Individual Adjustment Tool HUDs	75
Query HUD	75
Keywords HUD	76
Changing Views	77
Customizing the Toolbar	78
Hiding and Showing the Toolbar	78
Customizing the Toolbar Buttons	79
Customizing Keyboard Shortcuts	80
Command Editor Interface	81
Assigning Keyboard Shortcuts	84
Importing and Exporting Command Sets	85
Setting Aperture Preferences	86
General Preferences	87
Appearance Preferences	88
Export Preferences	89
Previews Preferences	90
Metadata Preferences	91
MobileMe Preferences	92
Working with Aperture Projects	93
Basic Components of Aperture	94
What Are Masters?	94
What Are Versions?	95
What Are Projects?	96
What Are Albums?	96
What Are Folders?	97
What Is the Library?	98
What Are Managed Images and Referenced Images?	98
What Is a Vault?	100
Working with Projects	100
Organizing Your Projects	100
Using More Than One Album in a Project	101
Creating and Naming Projects	101
Opening and Closing Projects	103
Creating and Showing Favorite Projects	104
Deleting Images from Projects and Albums	105
Deleting Items from the Projects Inspector	105
Working with Library Files	106
Working with the Library in the Projects Inspector	108
Quickly Accessing Commands	108
Importing Images	109
An Overview of Importing Images	110
File Formats You Can Import into the Library	111
Planning Your Import Strategy	111
Importing from Your Digital Camera or Card Reader	113
Importing All Images from a Camera or Card Reader	114
Importing a Selection of Images	117
Importing Image Files Stored on Your Computer	119
Changing the Location of Images When You Import Them	122
Importing Masters for Referenced Images into Folders	125
Automatically Naming Your Imported Images	127
Applying Valid Filenames	128
Avoiding Special Characters	129
Creating Custom Name Formats	130
Adding Metadata to Images During Import	132
Creating Stacks Automatically During Import	133
Adjusting the Image File’s Time When Importing	134
Dragging Files from the Finder to the Projects Inspector	134
Capturing Images as You Work	135
Importing Folders of Images from the Finder	138
Importing Your iPhoto Library	139
Browsing and Selecting Images from Your iPhoto Library	141
Transferring Projects from Another System	143
Making an Immediate Backup	143
Where Aperture Stores Your Managed Files in the Library	144
Migrating Images from Previous Versions of Aperture	144
PartII: Photo Editing	147
Working with Images intheBrowser	149
An Overview of the Browser	150
Navigating Through and Selecting Images	153
Navigating Through Images in the Browser	153
Selecting Images	154
Working with Images in Filmstrip View	155
Working with Images in Grid View	156
Working with Images in List View	157
Choosing a Workspace View	158
Navigating Through Images in Quick Preview Mode	160
Searching for Images in the Browser	161
Rearranging Images in the Browser	162
Sorting Images	163
Rotating Images	163
Creating Versions of an Image	165
Deleting Images from the Browser	166
Recovering Deleted Files	168
Dragging Images into Different Projects and Albums	168
Working with Referenced Images	169
Identifying Referenced Images	170
Displaying a List of Referenced Images	171
Locating a Referenced Image on a Hard Disk	172
Reconnecting Missing or Offline Referenced Images	172
Relocating Referenced Images’ Masters	174
Moving Referenced Images’ Masters to the Aperture Library	174
Copying, Moving, and Deleting Referenced Images	175
Using the Query HUD to Search for Referenced Images’ Masters	175
Working with Two or More Projects Open	176
Displaying Specific Metadata with Your Images	176
Displaying Images in the Viewer	179
An Overview of the Viewer	180
Showing and Hiding the Viewer	182
Changing the Viewer Background	182
Changing the Number of Images in the Viewer	183
Comparing Images	184
Viewing Stacks	185
Viewing Images with the Loupe	185
Moving the Loupe	186
Using the Pointer to Magnify Parts of an Image	186
Changing the Size and Magnification of the Loupe	187
Displaying a Pixel Grid and Color Values	188
Using the Alternate Loupe	189
Showing Hot and Cold Areas in Your Images	190
Viewing Images at Full Resolution	191
Viewing Master Images	192
Setting Up the Viewer for Onscreen Proofing	192
Viewing Images on Multiple Displays	193
Displaying Metadata Associated with Images	194
Working with Preview Images	196
Displaying Images in the Viewer	196
Controlling Preview Images	197
Rendering Preview Images	201
Sample Workflows for Using Previews Effectively	202
Determining Which Versions Have Previews	204
Turning Previews Off	205
Dragging and Dropping	205
Integration with iLife and iWork	205
Integration with Mac OS X Desktop & Screen Saver System Preferences	206
Displaying Offline Referenced Images	206
Suppressing Preview Generation When Opening Aperture	206
Quickly Accessing Commands	206
Viewing Images inFullScreenView	207
An Overview of Full Screen View	208
Entering and Exiting Full Screen View	209
Working with the Filmstrip in Full Screen View	209
Viewing Images with the Filmstrip	209
Moving and Resizing the Filmstrip	210
Working with the Toolbar in Full Screen View	211
Version Buttons	211
Stacking Buttons	212
Adjustment Tools	212
Display Controls	213
Other Buttons	213
Using HUDs in Full Screen View	214
Keywords HUD	214
Inspector HUD	215
Tool HUDs	215
Changing the Display of Metadata in Full Screen View	216
Using Keyboard Shortcuts in Full Screen View	217
Quickly Accessing Commands	218
Stacking Images andMakingPicks	219
An Overview of Stacking Images	219
Creating Stacks	221
Creating Stacks Automatically	222
Comparing Images in Stacks	223
Creating Stacks Manually	224
Tips for Creating Stacks Quickly and Efficiently	225
Working with Stacks	225
Opening and Closing Stacks	226
Designating a Pick Image for a Stack	226
Designating an Album Pick for a Stack	227
Arranging Images in a Stack	227
Adding Images to and Removing Images from Stacks	228
Splitting Stacks	228
Dragging Stacks	229
Working with Stacks in List View	229
Working with Stacks in Full Screen View	230
Keyboard Shortcuts for Working with Stacks	231
Rating Images	233
An Overview of the Aperture Rating System	234
Rating Images	236
Rating Individual Images	236
Keyboard Shortcuts for Rating Images	237
Sorting Images by Rating	238
Including Image Rating in Your Workflow	239
Comparing and Rating Images	240
Keyboard Shortcuts for Displaying Images withSpecificRatings	242
Applying Keywords to Images	243
An Overview of Keywords	244
Viewing Keywords Applied to Images	246
Displaying Keywords in the Viewer and Browser	246
Viewing an Image’s Keywords Using the Metadata Inspector	248
Viewing Keywords in the Browser in List View	250
Applying Keywords Using the Keywords HUD	250
Controls in the Keywords HUD	251
Using the Keywords HUD to Apply Keywords	252
Browsing and Searching for Keywords	253
Adding Keywords to the Keywords HUD	254
Removing Keywords from the Keywords HUD	256
Applying Keywords Using Keyword Controls andKeywordPresets	257
About the Keyword Controls in the Control Bar	257
Adding Keywords to Images Using Keyword Controls	258
Choosing a Keyword Preset Group	259
Creating a Keyword Preset Group	260
Applying Keywords UsingtheLift&Stamp HUD	262
Applying Keywords Using the Metadata Inspector	266
Applying Keywords to Images in the Light Table	267
Removing Keywords from an Image	267
Importing and Exporting Keyword Lists	268
Working with Metadata	269
An Overview of Metadata, Metadata Views, and Metadata Presets	270
About Displaying Metadata in Full Screen View	270
Displaying Metadata with Your Images	273
Turning the Display of Metadata On or Off	277
Viewing and Changing Metadata in the Metadata Inspector and Inspector HUD	278
Working with the AutoFill Editor	279
Working with Metadata Views	281
Creating New Metadata Views	281
Modifying Existing Metadata Views	282
Managing Metadata Views	283
Working with Metadata Presets	284
Creating Metadata Presets	284
Applying Combinations of Metadata Using Metadata Presets	285
Managing Metadata Presets	286
Batch Changing Metadata	288
More Information About IPTC Metadata	289
Understanding Badge Overlays	290
How Badge Overlays Appear in Aperture	291
Displaying Images with Badge Overlays	291
Adjusting Image Date and Time	293
Searching for andDisplayingImages	295
An Overview of Searching	296
Controls in the Query HUD	300
Searching Across the Entire Library	301
Searching by Image Name, Caption, or Other Text	302
Searching by Keyword	303
Searching by Date	305
Searching by Rating	307
Searching by IPTC Information	308
Searching by EXIF Information	309
Searching by Adjustments	310
Searching by Import Session	311
Searching by File Status	312
Searching by Other Metadata	312
Searching by a Combination of Criteria	313
Saving Your Search Results	315
Grouping Images withSmartAlbums	317
An Overview of Smart Albums	318
Collecting Images in a New Smart Album	320
Searching Within a Smart Album	321
Revising the Contents of a Smart Album	322
Transferring Smart Album Images to Another ProjectorAlbum	323
Deleting a Smart Album	324
PartIII: Performing Image Adjustments	325
An Overview ofImageAdjustments	327
An Overview of Adjustments in Aperture	328
Showing the Adjustment Controls	329
Choosing a Histogram View for Adjustments	331
Showing Additional Adjustment Controls	331
Using the Adjustment Controls	332
Using Sliders	332
Resetting Parameter Values	333
Turning Adjustments On and Off	333
Working with Adjustment Tools in the Viewer	333
Performing Adjustments in Full Screen View	334
Applying Adjustments to a Group of Images	335
Working with Adjustment Presets	337
Creating Adjustment Presets	338
Applying Adjustment Presets	339
Renaming Adjustment Presets	340
Organizing Adjustment Presets	341
Deleting Adjustment Presets	342
Remove Adjustments Command	342
Using Modifier Keys to Identify Color Clipping	342
Identifying Color Channel Clipping	343
Understanding Color Channel Clipping Overlay Colors	344
Using the Color Meter	346
Sampling Color Values	347
Choosing a Color Value Option	348
Choosing a Color Value Sample Size	349
Using an External Editor	350
Working with the RAW Fine Tuning Controls	351
Using the Boost Controls	352
Using the Sharpening Controls	353
Using the Moire Controls	355
Turning On Automatic Noise-Compensation Adjustments	357
Working with DNG Files	357
Setting the Camera Default	358
Using the Chroma Blur Controls from Aperture1.1	359
Understanding How to Read Histograms	360
Evaluating Exposure	360
Evaluating Tonality and Contrast	361
Using Histograms to Correct Images	363
About Making Adjustments Onscreen	363
Making Image Adjustments	365
Working with Automatic Adjustments	366
Using the Auto Exposure Button	367
Using the Auto Levels Combined Button	369
Using the Auto Levels Separate Button	370
Setting the Auto Levels Options	371
Resetting Auto Levels Adjustments	372
Working with the Red Eye Correction Controls	372
Reducing Red-Eye Using the Red Eye Tool	373
Adjusting the Size of Red Eye Target Overlays	374
Adjusting the Sensitivity of Red Eye Target Overlays	377
Viewing the Corrected Image Without Red Eye TargetOverlays	378
Moving Red Eye Target Overlays	379
Deleting Red Eye Target Overlays	380
Working with the Retouch and Spot & Patch Controls	381
Which Retouching Tool Should You Use?	381
Working with the Retouch Controls	381
Repairing Your Images	382
Cloning Your Images	384
Deleting Retouch Brush Strokes	385
Working with the Spot & Patch Controls	386
Spotting Your Images	386
Patching Your Images	388
Using the Spot & Patch Controls	391
Adjusting the Size of Spot & Patch Target Overlays	391
Viewing the Corrected Image Without Spot & Patch TargetOverlays	396
Moving Spot & Patch Target Overlays	396
Deleting Spot & Patch Target Overlays	397
Working with the Devignette Controls	398
Working with the Straighten Controls	399
Rotating Images with the Straighten Tool	400
Rotating Images with the Straighten Controls	401
Working with the Crop Controls	402
Cropping Images with the Crop Tool	403
Displaying the Cropped Image Without the Crop Overlay	406
Cropping Images with the Crop Controls	406
Working with the White Balance Controls	408
Adjusting White Balance in the Image withtheWhiteBalanceEyedropper	409
Adjusting the Color Temperature of the Image withtheTempControls	410
Adjusting the Tint of the Image with the Tint Controls	411
Working with the Exposure Controls	412
Correcting Exposure in the Image	412
Recovering Highlight Details in the Image	413
Setting the Image’s Blacks	414
Adjusting Brightness in the Image	416
Working with the Enhance Controls	417
Adjusting Contrast in the Image	417
Adjusting Definition in the Image	419
Adjusting Saturation in the Image	420
Adjusting Vibrancy in the Image	421
Setting the Tint of the Black, Gray, and White Values intheImage	422
Using the Eyedroppers to Set the Tint of the Shadows, Midtones, andHighlights in an Image	423
Manually Setting the Tint of the Shadows, Midtones, andHighlightsinan Image	428
Resetting the Tint Color Wheels	428
Working with the Levels Controls	429
Adjusting the Luminance Levels in an Image	429
Showing Quarter-Tone Levels Controls	432
Adjusting the Brightness of an Image withtheBrightnessLevels Sliders	432
Adjusting the Brightness of an Image Uniformly withtheBrightnessLevels Slider	432
Selectively Adjusting the Brightness of an Image with the Shadow Brightness Levels and Highlight ...	433
Using Levels for Color Correction	433
Adjusting the Levels of the Red Color Channel	434
Adjusting the Levels of the Green Color Channel	434
Adjusting the Levels of the Blue Color Channel	435
Working with the Highlights & Shadows Controls	435
Adjusting Brightness Values in the Highlight Areas oftheImage	436
Adjusting Brightness Values in the Shadow Areas oftheImage	437
Using the Highlights & Shadows Advanced Settings	438
Adjusting the Radius of the Highlights & Shadows Controls	439
Adjusting the Color Correction for the Highlights & Shadows Controls	440
Adjusting the High Tonal Width of the Highlights & Shadows Controls	441
Adjusting the Midtone Contrast of the Highlights & Shadows Controls	443
Adjusting the Low Tonal Width of the Highlights & Shadows Controls	443
Working with the Color Controls	445
Adjusting the Color of the Image with the Color Controls	447
Adjusting Custom Colors Using the Color Eyedropper	451
Working with the Monochrome Mixer Controls	452
Choosing a Monochrome Mixer Preset	452
Using the Monochrome Mixer Controls	454
Working with the Color Monochrome Controls	455
Working with the Sepia Tone Controls	456
Working with the Noise Reduction Controls	457
Working with the Sharpen and Edge Sharpen Controls	458
Which Sharpen Tool Should You Use?	458
Working with the Edge Sharpen Controls	459
Understanding the Edge Sharpen Workflow	462
Working with the Sharpen Controls	462
Working with the Vignette Controls	463
Applying an Exposure Vignette	464
Applying a Gamma Vignette	465
Switching Vignette Types	467
PartIV: Distribution and Backup	469
Printing Your Images	471
An Overview of Printing	472
Printing Tips	473
Controls in the Print Dialog	474
If Aperture Does Not Recognize Your Printer	477
Printing a Single Image	477
Printing a Series of Images	477
Printing a Contact Sheet or Series of Contact Sheets	478
Printing a Book	479
Printing a Light Table Arrangement	480
Creating and Modifying Print Presets	480
Creating a New Print Preset	480
Modifying an Existing Print Preset	481
Duplicating a Print Preset	481
Locking Print Presets	482
Deleting a Print Preset	482
Proofing Your Images Onscreen	482
Calibrating Your Printer	483
Turning Off Color Management in Your Printer	484
Exporting Your Images	487
An Overview of Exporting Images	487
Exporting Images to an External Editor	488
Exporting Copies of Masters	489
Exporting Masters into Folders in the Finder	490
Exporting Image Versions	492
Setting Image Resolution When Exporting	493
Renaming Images at Export	496
Adjusting Images at Export	500
Adding a Watermark at Export	501
Tips for Creating High-Quality Watermarks	502
Applying IPTC Metadata and Keywords to Your Images	502
Exporting Metadata Listed in a Separate File	503
Exporting Using Plug-ins	503
Exporting Images to Use in Email	503
Working with Export Presets	505
Controls in the Export Presets Dialog	505
Creating an Export Preset	506
Modifying an Export Preset	507
Deleting an Export Preset	508
Creating Slideshow Presentations	509
An Overview of Slideshows	510
Creating a Slideshow	512
Saving Slideshows	513
Controlling a Slideshow	513
Arranging the Order of a Slideshow’s Images	513
Controls in the Slideshow Presets Dialog	514
Creating Slideshow Presets	516
Modifying Slideshow Presets	517
Creating a Growing Grid of Images	518
Playing Your Slideshow on Your Main Display Only	519
Displaying Your Images to Music	520
Using the Light Table	523
An Overview of the Light Table	524
Creating a Light Table Album	525
Placing and Viewing Images in the Light Table	526
Making Adjustments to Images in the Light Table	527
Moving and Resizing Images in the Light Table	527
Aligning and Arranging Images in the Light Table	528
Adjusting the Light Table View	531
Setting View Options for the Light Table	532

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360

Part III

Performing Image Adjustments

Understanding How to Read Histograms

The histogram is a graph that displays relative brightness in an image, from pure black to

pure white. The area under the graph represents all the pixels in the image. From left to

right, the histogram describes the range of dark pixels (shadows), gray pixels (midtones),

and bright pixels (highlights) in the image. The shape of the histogram graph depends on

the tonality of the scene and the exposure.

Evaluating Exposure

Histograms are good tools for evaluating exposure. For example, a series of peaks in

the darker side of the histogram often indicates an underexposed image that consists

mainly of dark pixels.

Pixels increase

Shadows

Highlights

Midtones

Brightness increases