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IPsec LAN to LAN with Certificates, Note: The system time and date should be correct

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9.2.2. IPsec LAN to LAN with Certificates Chapter 9. VPN Action Allow Src Interface ipsec_tunnel Src Network remote_net Dest Interface lan Dest Network lannet Service All The Service used in these rules is All but it could be a predefined service. 6. Define a new NetDefendOS Route which specifies that the VPN Tunnel ipsec_tunnel is the Interface to use for routing packets bound for the remote network at the other end of the tunnel. Interface ipsec_tunnel Network remote_net Gateway 9.2.2. IPsec LAN to LAN with Certificates LAN to LAN security is usually provided with pre-shared keys but sometimes it may be desirable to use X.509 certificates instead. If this is the case, Certificate Authority (CA) signed certificates may be used and these come from an internal CA server or from a commercial supplier of certificates. Creating a LAN to LAN tunnel with certificates follows exactly the same procedures as the previous section where a pre-shared key was used. The difference is that certificates now replace pre-shared keys for authentication. Two unique sets of two CA signed certificates (two for either end, a root certificate and a gateway certificate) are required for a LAN to LAN tunnel authentication. The setup steps are as follows: 1. Open the WebUI management interface for the NetDefend Firewall at one end of the tunnel. 2. Under Authentication Objects, add the Root Certificate and Host Certificate into NetDefendOS. The root certificate needs to have 2 parts added: a certificate file and a private key file. The gateway certificate needs just the certificate file added. 3. Set up the IPsec Tunnel object as for pre-shared keys, but specify the certificates to use under Authentication. Do this with the following steps: a. Enable the X.509 Certificate option. b. Add the Root Certificate to use. c. Select the Gateway Certificate. 4. Open the WebUI management interface for the NetDefend Firewall at the other side of the tunnel and repeat the above steps with a different set of certificates. Note: The system time and date should be correct The NetDefendOS date and time should be set correctly since certificates have an expiry date and time. Also review Section 9.6, "CA Server Access" below, which describes important considerations for certificate validation. Self-signed certificates instead of CA signed can be used for LAN to LAN tunnels but the Web Interface and other interfaces do not have a feature to generate them. Instead, they must be generated by another utility and imported into NetDefendOS. This means that they are not truly self-signed since they are generated outside of NetDefendOS control and it should be remembered that there is no guarantee that their private key is unique. However, the security provided can still be 383

Section	Page
User Manual	3
Table of Contents	4
Preface	14
Chapter 1. NetDefendOS Overview	16
1.1. Features	16
1.2. NetDefendOS Architecture	19
1.2.1. State-based Architecture	19
1.2.2. NetDefendOS Building Blocks	19
1.2.3. Basic Packet Flow	20
1.3. NetDefendOS State Engine Packet Flow	23
Chapter 2. Management and Maintenance	28
2.1. Managing NetDefendOS	28
2.1.1. Overview	28
2.1.2. The Default Administrator Account	29
2.1.3. The Web Interface	29
2.1.4. The CLI	33
2.1.5. CLI Scripts	41
2.1.6. Secure Copy	45
2.1.7. The Console Boot Menu	47
2.1.8. Management Advanced Settings	48
2.1.9. Working with Configurations	49
2.2. Events and Logging	55
2.2.1. Overview	55
2.2.2. Log Messages	55
2.2.3. Creating Log Receivers	56
2.2.4. Logging to MemoryLogReceiver	56
2.2.5. Logging to Syslog Hosts	56
2.2.6. SNMP Traps	58
2.2.7. Advanced Log Settings	59
2.3. RADIUS Accounting	60
2.3.1. Overview	60
2.3.2. RADIUS Accounting Messages	60
2.3.3. Interim Accounting Messages	62
2.3.4. Activating RADIUS Accounting	62
2.3.5. RADIUS Accounting Security	62
2.3.6. RADIUS Accounting and High Availability	62
2.3.7. Handling Unresponsive Servers	63
2.3.8. Accounting and System Shutdowns	63
2.3.9. Limitations with NAT	63
2.3.10. RADIUS Advanced Settings	63
2.4. Hardware Monitoring	65
2.5. SNMP Monitoring	67
2.5.1. SNMP Advanced Settings	68
2.6. The pcapdump Command	70
2.7. Maintenance	73
2.7.1. Auto-Update Mechanism	73
2.7.2. Backing Up Configurations	73
2.7.3. Restore to Factory Defaults	74
Chapter 3. Fundamentals	77
3.1. The Address Book	77
3.1.1. Overview	77
3.1.2. IP Addresses	77
3.1.3. Ethernet Addresses	79
3.1.4. Address Groups	80
3.1.5. Auto-Generated Address Objects	81
3.1.6. Address Book Folders	81
3.2. Services	82
3.2.1. Overview	82
3.2.2. Creating Custom Services	83
3.2.3. ICMP Services	86
3.2.4. Custom IP Protocol Services	88
3.2.5. Service Groups	88
3.2.6. Custom Service Timeouts	89
3.3. Interfaces	90
3.3.1. Overview	90
3.3.2. Ethernet Interfaces	92
3.3.2.1. Useful CLI Commands for Ethernet Interfaces	95
3.3.3. VLAN	97
3.3.4. PPPoE	101
3.3.5. GRE Tunnels	103
3.3.6. Interface Groups	107
3.4. ARP	108
3.4.1. Overview	108
3.4.2. The NetDefendOS ARP Cache	108
3.4.3. Creating ARP Objects	110
3.4.4. Using ARP Advanced Settings	112
3.4.5. ARP Advanced Settings Summary	113
3.5. IP Rule Sets	116
3.5.1. Security Policies	116
3.5.2. IP Rule Evaluation	118
3.5.3. IP Rule Actions	119
3.5.4. Editing IP rule set Entries	120
3.5.5. IP Rule Set Folders	121
3.5.6. Configuration Object Groups	122
3.6. Schedules	126
3.7. Certificates	128
3.7.1. Overview	128
3.7.2. Certificates in NetDefendOS	129
3.7.3. CA Certificate Requests	130
3.8. Date and Time	132
3.8.1. Overview	132
3.8.2. Setting Date and Time	132
3.8.3. Time Servers	133
3.8.4. Settings Summary for Date and Time	136
3.9. DNS	139
Chapter 4. Routing	142
4.1. Overview	142
4.2. Static Routing	143
4.2.1. The Principles of Routing	143
4.2.2. Static Routing	147
4.2.3. Route Failover	151
4.2.4. Host Monitoring for Route Failover	154
4.2.5. Advanced Settings for Route Failover	156
4.2.6. Proxy ARP	157
4.3. Policy-based Routing	160
4.3.1. Overview	160
4.3.2. Policy-based Routing Tables	160
4.3.3. Policy-based Routing Rules	160
4.3.4. Routing Table Selection	161
4.3.5. The Ordering parameter	161
4.4. Route Load Balancing	165
4.5. OSPF	171
4.5.1. Dynamic Routing	171
4.5.2. OSPF Concepts	174
4.5.3. OSPF Components	179
4.5.3.1. OSPF Router Process	179
4.5.3.2. OSPF Area	181
4.5.3.3. OSPF Interface	182
4.5.3.4. OSPF Neighbors	184
4.5.3.5. OSPF Aggregates	184
4.5.3.6. OSPF VLinks	184
4.5.4. Dynamic Routing Rules	185
4.5.4.1. Overview	185
4.5.4.2. Dynamic Routing Rule	186
4.5.4.3. OSPF Action	187
4.5.4.4. Routing Action	187
4.5.5. Setting Up OSPF	188
4.5.6. An OSPF Example	191
4.6. Multicast Routing	194
4.6.1. Overview	194
4.6.2. Multicast Forwarding with SAT Multiplex Rules	195
4.6.2.1. Multicast Forwarding - No Address Translation	195
4.6.2.2. Multicast Forwarding - Address Translation Scenario	197
4.6.3. IGMP Configuration	199
4.6.3.1. IGMP Rules Configuration - No Address Translation	200
4.6.3.2. IGMP Rules Configuration - Address Translation	202
4.6.4. Advanced IGMP Settings	204
4.7. Transparent Mode	207
4.7.1. Overview	207
4.7.2. Enabling Internet Access	211
4.7.3. Transparent Mode Scenarios	213
4.7.4. Spanning Tree BPDU Support	217
4.7.5. Advanced Settings for Transparent Mode	218
Chapter 5. DHCP Services	223
5.1. Overview	223
5.2. DHCP Servers	224
5.2.1. Static DHCP Hosts	227
5.2.2. Custom Options	228
5.3. DHCP Relaying	230
5.3.1. DHCP Relay Advanced Settings	231
5.4. IP Pools	233
Chapter 6. Security Mechanisms	237
6.1. Access Rules	237
6.1.1. Overview	237
6.1.2. IP Spoofing	238
6.1.3. Access Rule Settings	238
6.2. ALGs	240
6.2.1. Overview	240
6.2.2. The HTTP ALG	241
6.2.3. The FTP ALG	244
6.2.4. The TFTP ALG	253
6.2.5. The SMTP ALG	254
6.2.5.1. Anti-Spam Filtering	257
6.2.6. The POP3 ALG	263
6.2.7. The PPTP ALG	264
6.2.8. The SIP ALG	265
6.2.9. The H.323 ALG	275
6.2.10. The TLS ALG	289
6.3. Web Content Filtering	292
6.3.1. Overview	292
6.3.2. Active Content Handling	292
6.3.3. Static Content Filtering	293
6.3.4. Dynamic Web Content Filtering	295
6.3.4.1. Overview	295
6.3.4.2. Setting Up WCF	296
6.3.4.3. Content Filtering Categories	300
6.3.4.4. Customizing HTML Pages	307
6.4. Anti-Virus Scanning	309
6.4.1. Overview	309
6.4.2. Implementation	309
6.4.3. Activating Anti-Virus Scanning	310
6.4.4. The Signature Database	311
6.4.5. Subscribing to the D-Link Anti-Virus Service	311
6.4.6. Anti-Virus Options	311
6.5. Intrusion Detection and Prevention	315
6.5.1. Overview	315
6.5.2. IDP Availability for D-Link Models	315
6.5.3. IDP Rules	317
6.5.4. Insertion/Evasion Attack Prevention	318
6.5.5. IDP Pattern Matching	319
6.5.6. IDP Signature Groups	320
6.5.7. IDP Actions	322
6.5.8. SMTP Log Receiver for IDP Events	322
6.6. Denial-of-Service Attack Prevention	326
6.6.1. Overview	326
6.6.2. DoS Attack Mechanisms	326
6.6.3. Ping of Death and Jolt Attacks	326
6.6.4. Fragmentation overlap attacks: Teardrop, Bonk, Boink and Nestea	327
6.6.5. The Land and LaTierra attacks	327
6.6.6. The WinNuke attack	327
6.6.7. Amplification attacks: Smurf, Papasmurf, Fraggle	328
6.6.8. TCP SYN Flood Attacks	329
6.6.9. The Jolt2 Attack	329
6.6.10. Distributed DoS Attacks	329
6.7. Blacklisting Hosts and Networks	331
Chapter 7. Address Translation	334
7.1. Overview	334
7.2. NAT	335
7.3. NAT Pools	340
7.4. SAT	343
7.4.1. Translation of a Single IP Address (1:1)	343
7.4.2. Translation of Multiple IP Addresses (M:N)	348
7.4.3. All-to-One Mappings (N:1)	350
7.4.4. Port Translation	350
7.4.5. Protocols Handled by SAT	351
7.4.6. Multiple SAT Rule Matches	351
7.4.7. SAT and FwdFast Rules	352
Chapter 8. User Authentication	355
8.1. Overview	355
8.2. Authentication Setup	357
8.2.1. Setup Summary	357
8.2.2. The Local Database	357
8.2.3. External RADIUS Servers	359
8.2.4. External LDAP Servers	359
8.2.5. Authentication Rules	366
8.2.6. Authentication Processing	368
8.2.7. A Group Usage Example	369
8.2.8. HTTP Authentication	369
8.3. Customizing HTML Pages	373
Chapter 9. VPN	377
9.1. Overview	377
9.1.1. VPN Usage	377
9.1.2. VPN Encryption	378
9.1.3. VPN Planning	378
9.1.4. Key Distribution	379
9.1.5. The TLS Alternative for VPN	379
9.2. VPN Quick Start	381
9.2.1. IPsec LAN to LAN with Pre-shared Keys	382
9.2.2. IPsec LAN to LAN with Certificates	383
9.2.3. IPsec Roaming Clients with Pre-shared Keys	384
9.2.4. IPsec Roaming Clients with Certificates	386
9.2.5. L2TP Roaming Clients with Pre-Shared Keys	387
9.2.6. L2TP Roaming Clients with Certificates	388
9.2.7. PPTP Roaming Clients	389
9.3. IPsec Components	391
9.3.1. Overview	391
9.3.2. Internet Key Exchange (IKE)	391
9.3.3. IKE Authentication	397
9.3.4. IPsec Protocols (ESP/AH)	398
9.3.5. NAT Traversal	399
9.3.6. Algorithm Proposal Lists	401
9.3.7. Pre-shared Keys	402
9.3.8. Identification Lists	403
9.4. IPsec Tunnels	406
9.4.1. Overview	406
9.4.2. LAN to LAN Tunnels with Pre-shared Keys	408
9.4.3. Roaming Clients	408
9.4.4. Fetching CRLs from an alternate LDAP server	413
9.4.5. Troubleshooting with ikesnoop	414
9.4.6. IPsec Advanced Settings	421
9.5. PPTP/L2TP	425
9.5.1. PPTP Servers	425
9.5.2. L2TP Servers	426
9.5.3. L2TP/PPTP Server advanced settings	430
9.5.4. PPTP/L2TP Clients	431
9.6. CA Server Access	434
9.7. VPN Troubleshooting	437
9.7.1. General Troubleshooting	437
9.7.2. Troubleshooting Certificates	437
9.7.3. IPsec Troubleshooting Commands	438
9.7.4. Management Interface Failure with VPN	439
9.7.5. Specific Error Messages	439
9.7.6. Specific Symptoms	442
Chapter 10. Traffic Management	444
10.1. Traffic Shaping	444
10.1.1. Overview	444
10.1.2. Traffic Shaping in NetDefendOS	445
10.1.3. Simple Bandwidth Limiting	447
10.1.4. Limiting Bandwidth in Both Directions	448
10.1.5. Creating Differentiated Limits Using Chains	449
10.1.6. Precedences	450
10.1.7. Pipe Groups	455
10.1.8. Traffic Shaping Recommendations	458
10.1.9. A Summary of Traffic Shaping	459
10.1.10. More Pipe Examples	460
10.2. IDP Traffic Shaping	465
10.2.1. Overview	465
10.2.2. Setting Up IDP Traffic Shaping	465
10.2.3. Processing Flow	466
10.2.4. The Importance of Specifying a Network	466
10.2.5. A P2P Scenario	467
10.2.6. Viewing Traffic Shaping Objects	468
10.2.7. Guaranteeing Instead of Limiting Bandwidth	469
10.2.8. Logging	469
10.3. Threshold Rules	470
10.3.1. Overview	470
10.3.2. Limiting the Connection Rate/Total Connections	470
10.3.3. Grouping	471
10.3.4. Rule Actions	471
10.3.5. Multiple Triggered Actions	471
10.3.6. Exempted Connections	471
10.3.7. Threshold Rules and ZoneDefense	471
10.3.8. Threshold Rule Blacklisting	471
10.4. Server Load Balancing	473
10.4.1. Overview	473
10.4.2. SLB Distribution Algorithms	474
10.4.3. Selecting Stickiness	475
10.4.4. SLB Algorithms and Stickiness	476
10.4.5. Server Health Monitoring	477
10.4.6. Setting Up SLB_SAT Rules	478
Chapter 11. High Availability	482
11.1. Overview	482
11.2. HA Mechanisms	484
11.3. Setting Up HA	487
11.3.1. HA Hardware Setup	487
11.3.2. NetDefendOS Manual HA Setup	488
11.3.3. Verifying the Cluster Functions	489
11.3.4. Unique Shared Mac Addresses	490
11.4. HA Issues	491
11.5. Upgrading an HA Cluster	493
11.6. HA Advanced Settings	495
Chapter 12. ZoneDefense	497
12.1. Overview	497
12.2. ZoneDefense Switches	498
12.3. ZoneDefense Operation	499
12.3.1. SNMP	499
12.3.2. Threshold Rules	499
12.3.3. Manual Blocking and Exclude Lists	499
12.3.4. ZoneDefense with Anti-Virus Scanning	501
12.3.5. Limitations	501
Chapter 13. Advanced Settings	504
13.1. IP Level Settings	504
13.2. TCP Level Settings	508
13.3. ICMP Level Settings	513
13.4. State Settings	514
13.5. Connection Timeout Settings	516
13.6. Length Limit Settings	518
13.7. Fragmentation Settings	520
13.8. Local Fragment Reassembly Settings	524
13.9. Miscellaneous Settings	525
Appendix A. Subscribing to Updates	527
Appendix B. IDP Signature Groups	529
Appendix C. Verified MIME filetypes	533
Appendix D. The OSI Framework	537

Match case Limit results 1 per page

Action

Src Interface

Src Network

Dest Interface

Dest Network

Service

Allow

ipsec_tunnel

remote_net

lan

lannet

All

The Service used in these rules is

All

but it could be a predefined service.

Define a new NetDefendOS

Route

which specifies that the VPN Tunnel

ipsec_tunnel

is the

Interface to use for routing packets bound for the remote network at the other end of the tunnel.

Interface

Network

Gateway

ipsec_tunnel

remote_net

<empty>

9.2.2. IPsec LAN to LAN with Certificates

LAN to LAN security is usually provided with pre-shared keys but sometimes it may be desirable to

use X.509 certificates instead. If this is the case,

Certificate Authority

(CA) signed certificates may

be used and these come from an internal CA server or from a commercial supplier of certificates.

Creating a LAN to LAN tunnel with certificates follows exactly the same procedures as the previous

section where a pre-shared key was used. The difference is that certificates now replace pre-shared

keys for authentication.

Two unique sets of two CA signed certificates (two for either end, a root certificate and a gateway

certificate) are required for a LAN to LAN tunnel authentication.

The setup steps are as follows:

Open the WebUI management interface for the NetDefend Firewall at one end of the tunnel.

Under

Authentication

Objects

add

the

Root

Certificate

and

Host

Certificate

into

NetDefendOS. The root certificate needs to have 2 parts added: a certificate file and a private

key file. The gateway certificate needs just the certificate file added.

Set up the

IPsec Tunnel

object as for pre-shared keys, but specify the certificates to use under

Authentication

. Do this with the following steps:

Enable the

X.509 Certificate

option.

Add the

Root Certificate

to use.

Select the

Gateway Certificate

Open the WebUI management interface for the NetDefend Firewall at the other side of the

tunnel and repeat the above steps with a different set of certificates.

Note: The system time and date should be correct

The NetDefendOS date and time should be set correctly since certificates have an

expiry date and time.

Also review

Section 9.6, “CA Server Access”

below, which describes important considerations for

certificate validation.

Self-signed certificates

instead of CA signed can be used for LAN to LAN tunnels but the Web

Interface and other interfaces do not have a feature to generate them. Instead, they must be

generated by another utility and imported into NetDefendOS. This means that they are not truly

self-signed since they are generated outside of NetDefendOS control and it should be remembered

that there is no guarantee that their private key is unique. However, the security provided can still be

9.2.2. IPsec LAN to LAN with

Certificates

Chapter 9. VPN

383