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Dell PowerSwitch S4820T Configuration Guide for the S4820T System 9.112.0P1 - Page 868

Stacking LAG

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Stack MAC : 00:01:e8:d5:f9:6f -- Stack Info -- Unit UnitType Status ReqTyp CurTyp Version 0 Standby online S4820T 7.8.1.0 52 1 Management online S4820T 7.8.1.0 52 2 Member not present 3 Member not present 4 Member not present 5 Member not present 6 Member not present 7 Member not present [output omitted] Stack#show system stack-unit 0 | grep priority Master priority : 0 Stack#show system stack-unit 1 | grep priority Master priority : 0 Ports Example of Adding a Standalone with a Lower MAC Address and Equal Priority to a Stack STANDALONE AFTER CONNECTION Standalone#%STKUNIT0-M:CP %POLLMGR-2-ALT_STACK_UNIT_STATE: Alternate Stack-unit is present 00:20:20: %STKUNIT0-M:CP %CHMGR-5-STACKUNITDETECTED: Stack unit 1 present 00:20:22: %STKUNIT0-M:CP %CHMGR-5-STACKUNITDETECTED: Stack unit 2 present Going for reboot. Reason is Stack merge [bootup messages omitted STACK AFTER CONNECTION Stack# 3w1d14h: %STKUNIT1-M:CP %CHMGR-5-STACKUNITDETECTED: Stack unit 2 present 3w1d14h: %STKUNIT1-M:CP %CHMGR-2-STACKUNIT_DOWN: Stack unit 2 down - card removed 3w1d14h: %STKUNIT1-M:CP %CHMGR-5-STACKUNITDETECTED: Stack unit 2 present 3w1d14h: %STKUNIT1-M:CP %CHMGR-5-CHECKIN: Checkin from Stack unit 2 (type S4820T , 52 ports) 3w1d14h: %S4820T %CHMGR-0-PS_UP: Power supply 0 in unit 2 is up 3w1d14h: %STKUNIT1-M:CP %CHMGR-5-STACKUNITUP: Stack unit 2 is up Stack#show system brief Stack MAC : 00:01:e8:d5:f9:6f Reload-Type : normal-reload [Next boot : normal-reload] -- Stack Info -- Unit UnitType Status ReqTyp CurTyp Version Ports 0 Standby online S4820T 7.8.1.0 52 S4820T 7.8.1.0 52 1 Management online S4820T 7.8.1.0 52 S4820T 7.8.1.0 52 2 Member online S4820T 7.8.1.0 52 S4820T 7.8.1.0 52 3 Member not present 4 Member not present 5 Member not present 6 Member not present Stacking LAG When multiple links are used between stack units, Dell Networking OS automatically bundles them in a stacking LAG to provide aggregated throughput and redundancy. The stacking LAG is established automatically and transparently by Dell Networking OS (without user configuration) after peering is detected and behaves as follows: • The stacking LAG dynamically aggregates; it can lose link members or gain new links. • Shortest path selection inside the stack: If multiple paths exist between two units in the stack, the shortest path is used. 868 Stacking

Section	Page
Dell Configuration Guide for the S4820T System 9.11(2.0P1)	3
About this Guide	34
Audience	34
Conventions	34
Related Documents	34
Configuration Fundamentals	35
Accessing the Command Line	35
CLI Modes	35
Navigating CLI Modes	37
The do Command	40
Undoing Commands	40
Obtaining Help	41
Entering and Editing Commands	41
Command History	42
Filtering show Command Outputs	42
Example of the grep Keyword	42
Multiple Users in Configuration Mode	43
Getting Started	44
Console Access	45
Serial Console	45
Accessing the CLI Interface and Running Scripts Using SSH	46
Entering CLI commands Using an SSH Connection	46
Executing Local CLI Scripts Using an SSH Connection	46
Default Configuration	47
Configuring a Host Name	47
Accessing the System Remotely	47
Accessing the System Remotely	47
Configure the Management Port IP Address	47
Configure a Management Route	48
Configuring a Username and Password	48
Configuring the Enable Password	48
Configuration File Management	49
Copy Files to and from the System	49
Mounting an NFS File System	50
Save the Running-Configuration	51
Configure the Overload Bit for a Startup Scenario	52
Viewing Files	52
Managing the File System	53
Enabling Software Features on Devices Using a Command Option	53
View Command History	54
Upgrading Dell Networking OS	54
Using HTTP for File Transfers	54
Verify Software Images Before Installation	55
Management	57
Configuring Privilege Levels	57
Creating a Custom Privilege Level	58
Removing a Command from EXEC Mode	58
Moving a Command from EXEC Privilege Mode to EXEC Mode	58
Allowing Access to CONFIGURATION Mode Commands	58
Allowing Access to Different Modes	58
Applying a Privilege Level to a Username	60
Applying a Privilege Level to a Terminal Line	60
Configuring Logging	60
Audit and Security Logs	61
Configuring Logging Format	63
Display the Logging Buffer and the Logging Configuration	63
Setting Up a Secure Connection to a Syslog Server	64
Log Messages in the Internal Buffer	65
Configuration Task List for System Log Management	65
Disabling System Logging	65
Sending System Messages to a Syslog Server	65
Configuring a UNIX System as a Syslog Server	66
Track Login Activity	66
Restrictions for Tracking Login Activity	66
Configuring Login Activity Tracking	66
Display Login Statistics	67
Limit Concurrent Login Sessions	68
Restrictions for Limiting the Number of Concurrent Sessions	68
Configuring Concurrent Session Limit	68
Enabling the System to Clear Existing Sessions	69
Enabling Secured CLI Mode	70
Changing System Logging Settings	70
Display the Logging Buffer and the Logging Configuration	71
Configuring a UNIX Logging Facility Level	71
Synchronizing Log Messages	72
Enabling Timestamp on Syslog Messages	73
File Transfer Services	73
Configuration Task List for File Transfer Services	74
Enabling the FTP Server	74
Configuring FTP Server Parameters	74
Configuring FTP Client Parameters	75
Terminal Lines	75
Denying and Permitting Access to a Terminal Line	75
Configuring Login Authentication for Terminal Lines	76
Setting Timeout for EXEC Privilege Mode	77
Using Telnet to get to Another Network Device	78
Lock CONFIGURATION Mode	78
Viewing the Configuration Lock Status	78
Recovering from a Forgotten Password	79
Recovering from a Forgotten Enable Password	80
Recovering from a Failed Start	81
Restoring the Factory Default Settings	81
Important Points to Remember	81
Restoring Factory Default Environment Variables	82
802.1X	84
Port-Authentication Process	86
EAP over RADIUS	86
Configuring 802.1X	87
Related Configuration Tasks	87
Important Points to Remember	87
Enabling 802.1X	88
Configuring MAC addresses for a do1x Profile	89
Configuring Request Identity Re-Transmissions	90
Configuring a Quiet Period after a Failed Authentication	90
Forcibly Authorizing or Unauthorizing a Port	91
Re-Authenticating a Port	92
Configuring Timeouts	93
Configuring Dynamic VLAN Assignment with Port Authentication	94
Guest and Authentication-Fail VLANs	95
Configuring a Guest VLAN	95
Configuring an Authentication-Fail VLAN	95
Configuring dot1x Profile	96
Configuring the Static MAB and MAB Profile	97
Configuring Critical VLAN	98
Access Control List (ACL) VLAN Groups and Content Addressable Memory (CAM)	99
Optimizing CAM Utilization During the Attachment of ACLs to VLANs	99
Guidelines for Configuring ACL VLAN Groups	100
Configuring ACL VLAN Groups and Configuring FP Blocks for VLAN Parameters	100
Viewing CAM Usage	102
Allocating FP Blocks for VLAN Processes	103
Access Control Lists (ACLs)	105
IP Access Control Lists (ACLs)	106
CAM Usage	107
Implementing ACLs on Dell Networking OS	107
IP Fragment Handling	109
IP Fragments ACL Examples	109
Layer 4 ACL Rules Examples	109
Configure a Standard IP ACL	110
Configuring a Standard IP ACL Filter	111
Configure an Extended IP ACL	112
Configuring Filters with a Sequence Number	112
Configuring Filters Without a Sequence Number	113
Configure Layer 2 and Layer 3 ACLs	114
Assign an IP ACL to an Interface	115
Applying an IP ACL	115
Counting ACL Hits	116
Configure Ingress ACLs	116
Configure Egress ACLs	116
Applying Egress Layer 3 ACLs (Control-Plane)	117
IP Prefix Lists	118
Implementation Information	118
Configuration Task List for Prefix Lists	118
ACL Resequencing	122
Resequencing an ACL or Prefix List	122
Route Maps	124
Implementation Information	124
Important Points to Remember	124
Configuration Task List for Route Maps	124
Configuring Match Routes	126
Configuring Set Conditions	128
Configure a Route Map for Route Redistribution	129
Configure a Route Map for Route Tagging	129
Continue Clause	130
Logging of ACL Processes	130
Guidelines for Configuring ACL Logging	131
Configuring ACL Logging	131
Flow-Based Monitoring Support for ACLs	132
Behavior of Flow-Based Monitoring	132
Enabling Flow-Based Monitoring	133
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)	135
How BFD Works	135
BFD Packet Format	136
BFD Sessions	137
BFD Three-Way Handshake	138
Session State Changes	140
Important Points to Remember	140
Configure BFD	140
Configure BFD for Physical Ports	141
Configure BFD for Static Routes	142
Configure BFD for OSPF	145
Configure BFD for OSPFv3	149
Configure BFD for IS-IS	151
Configure BFD for BGP	153
Configure BFD for VRRP	160
Configuring Protocol Liveness	163
Troubleshooting BFD	163
Border Gateway Protocol IPv4 (BGPv4)	165
Autonomous Systems (AS)	165
Sessions and Peers	167
Establish a Session	167
Route Reflectors	168
BGP Attributes	169
Best Path Selection Criteria	169
Weight	171
Local Preference	171
Multi-Exit Discriminators (MEDs)	172
Origin	173
AS Path	174
Next Hop	174
Multiprotocol BGP	174
Implement BGP with Dell Networking OS	175
Additional Path (Add-Path) Support	175
Advertise IGP Cost as MED for Redistributed Routes	175
Ignore Router-ID in Best-Path Calculation	176
Four-Byte AS Numbers	176
AS4 Number Representation	176
AS Number Migration	178
BGP4 Management Information Base (MIB)	179
Important Points to Remember	179
Configuration Information	180
BGP Configuration	180
Enabling BGP	181
Configuring AS4 Number Representations	184
Configuring Peer Groups	186
Configuring BGP Fast Fall-Over	188
Configuring Passive Peering	190
Maintaining Existing AS Numbers During an AS Migration	190
Allowing an AS Number to Appear in its Own AS Path	191
Enabling Graceful Restart	192
Enabling Neighbor Graceful Restart	193
Filtering on an AS-Path Attribute	193
Regular Expressions as Filters	195
Redistributing Routes	196
Enabling Additional Paths	197
Configuring IP Community Lists	197
Configuring an IP Extended Community List	198
Filtering Routes with Community Lists	199
Manipulating the COMMUNITY Attribute	200
Changing MED Attributes	201
Changing the LOCAL_PREFERENCE Attribute	201
Configuring the local System or a Different System to be the Next Hop for BGP-Learned Routes	202
Changing the WEIGHT Attribute	203
Enabling Multipath	203
Filtering BGP Routes	203
Filtering BGP Routes Using Route Maps	205
Filtering BGP Routes Using AS-PATH Information	205
Configuring BGP Route Reflectors	206
Aggregating Routes	207
Configuring BGP Confederations	207
Enabling Route Flap Dampening	208
Changing BGP Timers	210
Enabling BGP Neighbor Soft-Reconfiguration	210
Enabling or disabling BGP neighbors	211
Route Map Continue	213
Enabling MBGP Configurations	213
Configure IPv6 NH Automatically for IPv6 Prefix Advertised over IPv4 Neighbor	214
BGP Regular Expression Optimization	214
Debugging BGP	214
Storing Last and Bad PDUs	215
Capturing PDUs	216
PDU Counters	217
Sample Configurations	217
Content Addressable Memory (CAM)	224
CAM Allocation	224
Test CAM Usage	226
View CAM Profiles	226
View CAM-ACL Settings	227
View CAM Usage	229
CAM Optimization	229
Troubleshoot CAM Profiling	229
QoS CAM Region Limitation	229
Control Plane Policing (CoPP)	230
Configure Control Plane Policing	231
Configuring CoPP for Protocols	232
Configuring CoPP for CPU Queues	234
CoPP for OSPFv3 Packets	235
Configuring CoPP for OSPFv3	238
Displaying CoPP Configuration	238
Data Center Bridging (DCB)	241
Ethernet Enhancements in Data Center Bridging	241
Priority-Based Flow Control	242
Enhanced Transmission Selection	243
Data Center Bridging Exchange Protocol (DCBx)	244
Data Center Bridging in a Traffic Flow	245
Enabling Data Center Bridging	245
DCB Maps and its Attributes	246
Data Center Bridging: Default Configuration	247
Configuring Priority-Based Flow Control	247
Configuring Lossless Queues	248
Configuring PFC in a DCB Map	249
PFC Configuration Notes	249
PFC Prerequisites and Restrictions	250
Applying a DCB Map on a Port	250
Configuring PFC without a DCB Map	251
Configuring Lossless QueuesExample:	251
Priority-Based Flow Control Using Dynamic Buffer Method	253
Pause and Resume of Traffic	253
Buffer Sizes for Lossless or PFC Packets	253
Behavior of Tagged Packets	254
Configuration Example for DSCP and PFC Priorities	254
Using PFC to Manage Converged Ethernet Traffic	255
Configure Enhanced Transmission Selection	255
ETS Prerequisites and Restrictions	255
Creating an ETS Priority Group	255
ETS Operation with DCBx	257
Configuring Bandwidth Allocation for DCBx CIN	257
Configuring ETS in a DCB Map	258
Hierarchical Scheduling in ETS Output Policies	259
Using ETS to Manage Converged Ethernet Traffic	260
Applying DCB Policies in a Switch Stack	260
Configure a DCBx Operation	260
DCBx Operation	260
DCBx Port Roles	261
DCB Configuration Exchange	262
Configuration Source Election	262
Propagation of DCB Information	263
Auto-Detection and Manual Configuration of the DCBx Version	263
DCBx Example	264
DCBx Prerequisites and Restrictions	264
Configuring DCBx	264
Verifying the DCB Configuration	268
Sample DCB Configuration	276
PFC and ETS Configuration Command Examples	278
QoS dot1p Traffic Classification and Queue Assignment	278
Configuring the Dynamic Buffer Method	279
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)	281
DHCP Packet Format and Options	281
Assign an IP Address using DHCP	283
Implementation Information	284
Configure the System to be a DHCP Server	284
Configuring the Server for Automatic Address Allocation	285
Specifying a Default Gateway	286
Configure a Method of Hostname Resolution	286
Using DNS for Address Resolution	286
Using NetBIOS WINS for Address Resolution	287
Creating Manual Binding Entries	287
Debugging the DHCP Server	287
Using DHCP Clear Commands	288
Configure the System to be a Relay Agent	288
Configure the System to be a DHCP Client	290
DHCP Client Operation with Other Features	290
DHCP Client on a Management Interface	291
Configure the System for User Port Stacking (Option 230)	292
Configure Secure DHCP	292
Option 82	292
DHCP Snooping	293
Configuring the DHCP secondary-subnet	296
Drop DHCP Packets on Snooped VLANs Only	296
Dynamic ARP Inspection	297
Configuring Dynamic ARP Inspection	298
Source Address Validation	299
Enabling IP Source Address Validation	299
DHCP MAC Source Address Validation	300
Enabling IP+MAC Source Address Validation	300
Viewing the Number of SAV Dropped Packets	301
Clearing the Number of SAV Dropped Packets	301
Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP)	302
ECMP for Flow-Based Affinity	302
Configuring the Hash Algorithm	302
Enabling Deterministic ECMP Next Hop	302
Configuring the Hash Algorithm Seed	303
Link Bundle Monitoring	303
Managing ECMP Group Paths	304
Creating an ECMP Group Bundle	304
Modifying the ECMP Group Threshold	304
RTAG7	305
Flow-based Hashing for ECMP	306
FIP Snooping	309
Fibre Channel over Ethernet	309
Ensure Robustness in a Converged Ethernet Network	309
FIP Snooping on Ethernet Bridges	311
FIP Snooping in a Switch Stack	313
Using FIP Snooping	313
FIP Snooping Prerequisites	313
Important Points to Remember	313
Enabling the FCoE Transit Feature	314
Enable FIP Snooping on VLANs	315
Configure the FC-MAP Value	315
Configure a Port for a Bridge-to-Bridge Link	315
Configure a Port for a Bridge-to-FCF Link	315
Impact on Other Software Features	315
FIP Snooping Restrictions	316
Configuring FIP Snooping	316
Displaying FIP Snooping Information	317
FCoE Transit Configuration Example	322
FIPS Cryptography	324
Configuration Tasks	324
Preparing the System	324
Enabling FIPS Mode	325
Generating Host-Keys	325
Monitoring FIPS Mode Status	325
Disabling FIPS Mode	326
Force10 Resilient Ring Protocol (FRRP)	327
Protocol Overview	327
Ring Status	328
Multiple FRRP Rings	328
Important FRRP Points	329
Important FRRP Concepts	330
Implementing FRRP	331
FRRP Configuration	331
Creating the FRRP Group	331
Configuring the Control VLAN	332
Configuring and Adding the Member VLANs	333
Setting the FRRP Timers	334
Clearing the FRRP Counters	334
Viewing the FRRP Configuration	334
Viewing the FRRP Information	334
Troubleshooting FRRP	335
Configuration Checks	335
Sample Configuration and Topology	335
FRRP Support on VLT	336
Example Scenario	337
Important Points to Remember	338
GARP VLAN Registration Protocol (GVRP)	339
Important Points to Remember	339
Configure GVRP	340
Related Configuration Tasks	340
Enabling GVRP Globally	341
Enabling GVRP on a Layer 2 Interface	341
Configure GVRP Registration	341
Configure a GARP Timer	342
RPM Redundancy	342
High Availability (HA)	344
Component Redundancy	344
RPM Redundancy	344
Automatic and Manual Stack Unit Failover	346
Support for RPM Redundancy by Dell Networking OS Version	347
Synchronization between Management and Standby Units	347
Configuring RPM Redundancy	347
Online Insertion and Removal	348
RPM Online Insertion and Removal	348
Linecard Online Insertion and Removal	349
Hitless Behavior	350
Graceful Restart	350
Software Resiliency	351
Software Component Health Monitoring	351
System Health Monitoring	351
Failure and Event Logging	351
Hot-Lock Behavior	352
Process Restartability	352
Enabling Process Restartability	352
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)	354
IGMP Implementation Information	354
IGMP Protocol Overview	354
IGMP Version 2	354
IGMP Version 3	356
Configure IGMP	359
Related Configuration Tasks	359
Viewing IGMP Enabled Interfaces	360
Selecting an IGMP Version	360
Viewing IGMP Groups	360
Adjusting Timers	361
Adjusting Query and Response Timers	361
Enabling IGMP Immediate-Leave	362
IGMP Snooping	362
IGMP Snooping Implementation Information	362
Configuring IGMP Snooping	362
Removing a Group-Port Association	363
Disabling Multicast Flooding	363
Specifying a Port as Connected to a Multicast Router	364
Configuring the Switch as Querier	364
Fast Convergence after MSTP Topology Changes	365
Egress Interface Selection (EIS) for HTTP and IGMP Applications	365
Protocol Separation	365
Enabling and Disabling Management Egress Interface Selection	366
Handling of Management Route Configuration	367
Handling of Switch-Initiated Traffic	368
Handling of Switch-Destined Traffic	368
Handling of Transit Traffic (Traffic Separation)	369
Mapping of Management Applications and Traffic Type	369
Behavior of Various Applications for Switch-Initiated Traffic	370
Behavior of Various Applications for Switch-Destined Traffic	371
Interworking of EIS With Various Applications	372
Designating a Multicast Router Interface	372
Interfaces	374
Basic Interface Configuration	374
Advanced Interface Configuration	374
Interface Types	375
View Basic Interface Information	375
Resetting an Interface to its Factory Default State	377
Enabling Energy Efficient Ethernet	378
View EEE Information	378
Clear EEE Counters	382
Enabling a Physical Interface	383
Physical Interfaces	383
Configuration Task List for Physical Interfaces	384
Overview of Layer Modes	384
Configuring Layer 2 (Data Link) Mode	384
Configuring Layer 2 (Interface) Mode	385
Configuring Layer 3 (Network) Mode	385
Configuring Layer 3 (Interface) Mode	386
Egress Interface Selection (EIS)	386
Important Points to Remember	386
Configuring EIS	387
Management Interfaces	387
Configuring Management Interfaces	387
Configuring a Management Interface on an Ethernet Port	389
VLAN Interfaces	389
Loopback Interfaces	390
Null Interfaces	391
Port Channel Interfaces	391
Port Channel Definition and Standards	391
Port Channel Benefits	391
Port Channel Implementation	391
Interfaces in Port Channels	392
Configuration Tasks for Port Channel Interfaces	392
Creating a Port Channel	393
Adding a Physical Interface to a Port Channel	393
Reassigning an Interface to a New Port Channel	395
Configuring the Minimum Oper Up Links in a Port Channel	395
Adding or Removing a Port Channel from a VLAN	396
Assigning an IP Address to a Port Channel	397
Deleting or Disabling a Port Channel	397
Load Balancing Through Port Channels	397
Changing the Hash Algorithm	398
Bulk Configuration	399
Interface Range	399
Bulk Configuration Examples	399
Defining Interface Range Macros	401
Define the Interface Range	401

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1,000
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1,018
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1,020
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1,028
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1,035
1,036
1,037
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1,076
1,077
1,078
1,079
1,080
1,081
1,082
1,083
1,084
1,085
1,086
1,087
1,088
1,089
1,090
1,091
1,092
1,093
1,094
1,095
1,096
1,097
1,098
1,099
1,100
1,101

Match case Limit results 1 per page

Stack MAC : 00:01:e8:d5:f9:6f

-- Stack Info --

Unit UnitType

Status

ReqTyp CurTyp Version

Ports

---------------------------------------------------

Standby

online

S4820T 7.8.1.0

Management

online

S4820T 7.8.1.0

Member

not present

Member

not present

Member

not present

Member

not present

Member

not present

7 Member not present

[output omitted]

Stack#show system stack-unit 0 | grep priority

Master priority : 0

Stack#show system stack-unit 1 | grep priority

Master priority : 0

Example of Adding a Standalone with a Lower MAC Address and Equal Priority to a Stack

---------------STANDALONE AFTER CONNECTION-----------------

Standalone#%STKUNIT0-M:CP %POLLMGR-2-ALT_STACK_UNIT_STATE: Alternate Stack-unit is present

00:20:20: %STKUNIT0-M:CP %CHMGR-5-STACKUNITDETECTED: Stack unit 1 present

00:20:22: %STKUNIT0-M:CP %CHMGR-5-STACKUNITDETECTED: Stack unit 2 present

Going for reboot. Reason is Stack merge

[bootup messages omitted]

---------------STACK AFTER CONNECTION---------------------

Stack# 3w1d14h: %STKUNIT1-M:CP %CHMGR-5-STACKUNITDETECTED: Stack unit 2 present

3w1d14h: %STKUNIT1-M:CP %CHMGR-2-STACKUNIT_DOWN: Stack unit 2 down - card removed

3w1d14h: %STKUNIT1-M:CP %CHMGR-5-STACKUNITDETECTED: Stack unit 2 present

3w1d14h: %STKUNIT1-M:CP %CHMGR-5-CHECKIN: Checkin from Stack unit 2 (type S4820T , 52 ports)

3w1d14h: %S4820T %CHMGR-0-PS_UP: Power supply 0 in unit 2 is up

3w1d14h: %STKUNIT1-M:CP %CHMGR-5-STACKUNITUP: Stack unit 2 is up

Stack#show system brief

Stack MAC : 00:01:e8:d5:f9:6f

Reload-Type

: normal-reload [Next boot : normal-reload]

-- Stack Info --

Unit UnitType

Status

ReqTyp CurTyp Version

Ports

-------------------------------------------------------

Standby

online

S4820T 7.8.1.0

Management online

S4820T 7.8.1.0

Member

online

S4820T 7.8.1.0

Member

not present

Member

not present

Member

not present

Member

not present

Stacking LAG

When multiple links are used between stack units, Dell Networking OS automatically bundles them in a stacking LAG to provide aggregated

throughput and redundancy.

The stacking LAG is established automatically and transparently by Dell Networking OS (without user

conﬁguration)

after peering is

detected and behaves as follows:

•

The stacking LAG dynamically aggregates; it can lose link members or gain new links.

•

Shortest path selection inside the stack: If multiple paths exist between two units in the stack, the shortest path is used.

868

Stacking