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syslog, 60 system backup/restore, 83 System Contact (SNMP) setting, 75 System Location (SNMP) setting, 75 System Name (SNMP)setting, 75 T tab completion (see CLI) TCP Auto Clamping setting, 551 TCP ECN setting, 553 TCP FIN/URG setting, 553 TCP FIN Idle Lifetime setting, 558 TCP Idle Lifetime setting, 558 TCP MSS Log Level setting, 550 TCP MSS Max setting, 550 TCP MSS Min setting, 550 TCP MSS On High setting, 550 TCP MSS on Low setting, 550 TCP MSS VPN Max setting, 550 TCP NULL setting, 553 TCP Option ALTCHKDATA setting, 552 TCP Option ALTCHKREQ setting, 551 TCP Option Con Timeout setting, 552 TCP Option Other setting, 552 TCP Option SACK setting, 551 TCP Option Sizes setting, 550 TCP Option TSOPT setting, 551 TCP Option WSOPT setting, 551 TCP Reserved Field setting, 553 TCP Sequence Numbers setting, 553 TCP SYN/FIN setting, 553 TCP SYN/PSH setting, 552 TCP SYN/RST setting, 552 TCP SYN/URG setting, 552 TCP SYN Idle Lifetime setting, 558 TCP URG setting, 553 TCP Zero Unused ACK setting, 551 TCP Zero Unused URG setting, 551 Teriary Time Server setting, 158 TFTP ALG, 279 threshold rules, 511, 541 in zonedefense, 541 time synchronization, 154 Time Sync Server Type setting, 158 Time Zone setting, 157 TLS ALG, 316 traffic shaping, 485 bandwidth guarantees, 495 bandwidth limiting, 488 for VPNs, 499 FwdFast IP rule exclusion, 488 objectives, 485 pipe groups, 496 precedences, 491 recommendations, 499 summary, 500 with IDP, 506 Transaction Timeout (DHCP) setting, 257 Transparency ATS Expire setting, 245 Transparency ATS Size setting, 245 transparent mode, 233 advanced settings, 244 Alphabetical Index and internet access, 238 and NAT, 239 grouping IP addresses, 239 implementation, 234 single host routes, 235 switch routes, 233, 235 with DHCP, 237 with high availability, 237 with VLANs, 236 vs routing mode, 233 TTL Min setting, 547 TTL on Low setting, 547 tunnels, 106 U UDP Bidirectional Keep-alive setting, 558 UDP Idle Lifetime setting, 558 UDP Source Port 0 setting, 567 Unknown VLAN Tags setting, 117 unnumbered PPPoE, 119 Unsolicited ARP Replies setting, 132 upgrading NetDefendOS with an HA cluster, 534 uploading files with SCP, 48 user authentication (see authentication) Use Unique Shared Mac (HA) setting, 531, 537 V Validation Timeout setting, 52 virtual LAN (see VLAN) virtual private networks (see VPN) VLAN, 115 advanced settings, 117 license limitations, 117 port based, 116 trunk, 116 voice over IP with H.323, 302 with SIP, 291 VoIP (see voice over IP) VPN, 409 encryption, 410 IPsec, 423 key distribution, 411 planning, 411 quick start guide, 413 SSL VPN, 466 troubleshooting, 477 usage, 409 W Warning Level setting, 79 Watchdog Time setting, 567 WCF (see web content filtering) webauth, 399 web content filtering, 322 fail mode, 324 whitelisting, 323 web interface, 29, 30 default connection interface, 31 object cloning, 34 588

Section	Page
User Manual	3
Table of Contents	4
Preface	15
Chapter 1. NetDefendOS Overview	17
1.1. Features	17
1.2. NetDefendOS Architecture	20
1.2.1. State-based Architecture	20
1.2.2. NetDefendOS Building Blocks	20
1.2.3. Basic Packet Flow	21
1.3. NetDefendOS State Engine Packet Flow	24
Chapter 2. Management and Maintenance	29
2.1. Managing NetDefendOS	29
2.1.1. Overview	29
2.1.2. The Default Administrator Account	30
2.1.3. The Web Interface	30
2.1.4. The CLI	36
2.1.5. CLI Scripts	44
2.1.6. Secure Copy	48
2.1.7. The Console Boot Menu	50
2.1.8. Management Advanced Settings	52
2.1.9. Working with Configurations	53
2.2. Events and Logging	59
2.2.1. Overview	59
2.2.2. Log Messages	59
2.2.3. Creating Log Receivers	60
2.2.4. Logging to MemoryLogReceiver	60
2.2.5. Logging to Syslog Hosts	60
2.2.6. Severity Filter and Message Exceptions	62
2.2.7. SNMP Traps	62
2.2.8. Advanced Log Settings	64
2.3. RADIUS Accounting	65
2.3.1. Overview	65
2.3.2. RADIUS Accounting Messages	65
2.3.3. Interim Accounting Messages	67
2.3.4. Activating RADIUS Accounting	67
2.3.5. RADIUS Accounting Security	68
2.3.6. RADIUS Accounting and High Availability	68
2.3.7. Handling Unresponsive RADIUS Servers	68
2.3.8. Accounting and System Shutdowns	69
2.3.9. Limitations with NAT	69
2.3.10. RADIUS Advanced Settings	69
2.4. Monitoring	71
2.4.1. The Link Monitor	71
2.4.2. SNMP Monitoring	73
2.4.3. Hardware Monitoring	76
2.4.4. Memory Monitoring Settings	78
2.5. The pcapdump Command	80
2.6. Maintenance	83
2.6.1. Auto-Update Mechanism	83
2.6.2. Backing Up Configurations	83
2.6.3. Restore to Factory Defaults	85
Chapter 3. Fundamentals	88
3.1. The Address Book	88
3.1.1. Overview	88
3.1.2. IP Addresses	88
3.1.3. Ethernet Addresses	90
3.1.4. Address Groups	91
3.1.5. Auto-Generated Address Objects	92
3.1.6. Address Book Folders	92
3.2. IPv6 Support	93
3.3. Services	98
3.3.1. Overview	98
3.3.2. Creating Custom Services	99
3.3.3. ICMP Services	102
3.3.4. Custom IP Protocol Services	104
3.3.5. Service Groups	104
3.3.6. Custom Service Timeouts	105
3.4. Interfaces	106
3.4.1. Overview	106
3.4.2. Ethernet Interfaces	108
3.4.2.1. Useful CLI Commands for Ethernet Interfaces	112
3.4.3. VLAN	115
3.4.4. PPPoE	118
3.4.5. GRE Tunnels	120
3.4.6. Interface Groups	124
3.5. ARP	126
3.5.1. Overview	126
3.5.2. The NetDefendOS ARP Cache	126
3.5.3. Creating ARP Objects	128
3.5.4. Using ARP Advanced Settings	130
3.5.5. ARP Advanced Settings Summary	131
3.6. IP Rules	135
3.6.1. Security Policies	135
3.6.2. IP Rule Evaluation	138
3.6.3. IP Rule Actions	139
3.6.4. Editing IP rule set Entries	140
3.6.5. IP Rule Set Folders	141
3.6.6. Configuration Object Groups	142
3.7. Schedules	146
3.8. Certificates	148
3.8.1. Overview	148
3.8.2. Certificates in NetDefendOS	150
3.8.3. CA Certificate Requests	151
3.9. Date and Time	153
3.9.1. Overview	153
3.9.2. Setting Date and Time	153
3.9.3. Time Servers	154
3.9.4. Settings Summary for Date and Time	157
3.10. DNS	160
Chapter 4. Routing	164
4.1. Overview	164
4.2. Static Routing	165
4.2.1. The Principles of Routing	165
4.2.2. Static Routing	169
4.2.3. Route Failover	174
4.2.4. Host Monitoring for Route Failover	177
4.2.5. Advanced Settings for Route Failover	179
4.2.6. Proxy ARP	180
4.3. Policy-based Routing	183
4.4. Route Load Balancing	190
4.5. OSPF	196
4.5.1. Dynamic Routing	196
4.5.2. OSPF Concepts	199
4.5.3. OSPF Components	204
4.5.3.1. OSPF Router Process	204
4.5.3.2. OSPF Area	206
4.5.3.3. OSPF Interface	207
4.5.3.4. OSPF Neighbors	209
4.5.3.5. OSPF Aggregates	209
4.5.3.6. OSPF VLinks	209
4.5.4. Dynamic Routing Rules	210
4.5.4.1. Overview	210
4.5.4.2. Dynamic Routing Rule	212
4.5.4.3. OSPF Action	212
4.5.4.4. Routing Action	213
4.5.5. Setting Up OSPF	213
4.5.6. An OSPF Example	217
4.6. Multicast Routing	220
4.6.1. Overview	220
4.6.2. Multicast Forwarding with SAT Multiplex Rules	221
4.6.2.1. Multicast Forwarding - No Address Translation	221
4.6.2.2. Multicast Forwarding - Address Translation Scenario	224
4.6.3. IGMP Configuration	225
4.6.3.1. IGMP Rules Configuration - No Address Translation	227
4.6.3.2. IGMP Rules Configuration - Address Translation	228
4.6.4. Advanced IGMP Settings	230
4.7. Transparent Mode	233
4.7.1. Overview	233
4.7.2. Enabling Internet Access	238
4.7.3. Transparent Mode Scenarios	239
4.7.4. Spanning Tree BPDU Support	243
4.7.5. Advanced Settings for Transparent Mode	244
Chapter 5. DHCP Services	249
5.1. Overview	249
5.2. DHCP Servers	250
5.2.1. Static DHCP Hosts	253
5.2.2. Custom Options	255
5.3. DHCP Relaying	256
5.3.1. DHCP Relay Advanced Settings	257
5.4. IP Pools	259
Chapter 6. Security Mechanisms	263
6.1. Access Rules	263
6.1.1. Overview	263
6.1.2. IP Spoofing	264
6.1.3. Access Rule Settings	264
6.2. ALGs	266
6.2.1. Overview	266
6.2.2. The HTTP ALG	267
6.2.3. The FTP ALG	270
6.2.4. The TFTP ALG	279
6.2.5. The SMTP ALG	280
6.2.5.1. Anti-Spam Filtering	283
6.2.6. The POP3 ALG	289
6.2.7. The PPTP ALG	290
6.2.8. The SIP ALG	291
6.2.9. The H.323 ALG	302
6.2.10. The TLS ALG	316
6.3. Web Content Filtering	319
6.3.1. Overview	319
6.3.2. Active Content Handling	319
6.3.3. Static Content Filtering	320
6.3.4. Dynamic Web Content Filtering	322
6.3.4.1. Overview	322
6.3.4.2. Setting Up WCF	323
6.3.4.3. Content Filtering Categories	327
6.3.4.4. Customizing WCF HTML Pages	334
6.4. Anti-Virus Scanning	337
6.4.1. Overview	337
6.4.2. Implementation	337
6.4.3. Activating Anti-Virus Scanning	338
6.4.4. The Signature Database	338
6.4.5. Subscribing to the D-Link Anti-Virus Service	339
6.4.6. Anti-Virus Options	339
6.5. Intrusion Detection and Prevention	343
6.5.1. Overview	343
6.5.2. IDP Availability for D-Link Models	343
6.5.3. IDP Rules	345
6.5.4. Insertion/Evasion Attack Prevention	347
6.5.5. IDP Pattern Matching	348
6.5.6. IDP Signature Groups	349
6.5.7. IDP Actions	350
6.5.8. SMTP Log Receiver for IDP Events	351
6.6. Denial-of-Service Attack Prevention	355
6.6.1. Overview	355
6.6.2. DoS Attack Mechanisms	355
6.6.3. Ping of Death and Jolt Attacks	355
6.6.4. Fragmentation overlap attacks: Teardrop, Bonk, Boink and Nestea	356
6.6.5. The Land and LaTierra attacks	356
6.6.6. The WinNuke attack	356
6.6.7. Amplification attacks: Smurf, Papasmurf, Fraggle	357
6.6.8. TCP SYN Flood Attacks	358
6.6.9. The Jolt2 Attack	358
6.6.10. Distributed DoS Attacks	358
6.7. Blacklisting Hosts and Networks	360
Chapter 7. Address Translation	363
7.1. Overview	363
7.2. NAT	364
7.3. NAT Pools	369
7.4. SAT	372
7.4.1. Translation of a Single IP Address (1:1)	372
7.4.2. Translation of Multiple IP Addresses (M:N)	377
7.4.3. All-to-One Mappings (N:1)	379
7.4.4. Port Translation	381
7.4.5. Protocols Handled by SAT	381
7.4.6. Multiple SAT Rule Matches	381
7.4.7. SAT and FwdFast Rules	382
Chapter 8. User Authentication	385
8.1. Overview	385
8.2. Authentication Setup	387
8.2.1. Setup Summary	387
8.2.2. The Local Database	387
8.2.3. External RADIUS Servers	389
8.2.4. External LDAP Servers	389
8.2.5. Authentication Rules	396
8.2.6. Authentication Processing	398
8.2.7. A Group Usage Example	399
8.2.8. HTTP Authentication	399
8.3. Customizing Authentication HTML Pages	404
Chapter 9. VPN	409
9.1. Overview	409
9.1.1. VPN Usage	409
9.1.2. VPN Encryption	410
9.1.3. VPN Planning	411
9.1.4. Key Distribution	411
9.1.5. The TLS Alternative for VPN	412
9.2. VPN Quick Start	413
9.2.1. IPsec LAN to LAN with Pre-shared Keys	414
9.2.2. IPsec LAN to LAN with Certificates	415
9.2.3. IPsec Roaming Clients with Pre-shared Keys	416
9.2.4. IPsec Roaming Clients with Certificates	418
9.2.5. L2TP Roaming Clients with Pre-Shared Keys	419
9.2.6. L2TP Roaming Clients with Certificates	421
9.2.7. PPTP Roaming Clients	421
9.3. IPsec Components	423
9.3.1. Overview	423
9.3.2. Internet Key Exchange (IKE)	423
9.3.3. IKE Authentication	429
9.3.4. IPsec Protocols (ESP/AH)	430
9.3.5. NAT Traversal	431
9.3.6. Algorithm Proposal Lists	433
9.3.7. Pre-shared Keys	434
9.3.8. Identification Lists	435
9.4. IPsec Tunnels	438
9.4.1. Overview	438
9.4.2. LAN to LAN Tunnels with Pre-shared Keys	440
9.4.3. Roaming Clients	440
9.4.4. Fetching CRLs from an alternate LDAP server	445
9.4.5. Troubleshooting with ikesnoop	446
9.4.6. IPsec Advanced Settings	453
9.5. PPTP/L2TP	457
9.5.1. PPTP Servers	457
9.5.2. L2TP Servers	458
9.5.3. L2TP/PPTP Server advanced settings	463
9.5.4. PPTP/L2TP Clients	463
9.6. SSL VPN	466
9.6.1. Overview	466
9.6.2. Configuring SSL VPN in NetDefendOS	467
9.6.3. Installing the SSL VPN Client	469
9.6.4. Setup Example	472
9.7. CA Server Access	474
9.8. VPN Troubleshooting	477
9.8.1. General Troubleshooting	477
9.8.2. Troubleshooting Certificates	478
9.8.3. IPsec Troubleshooting Commands	478
9.8.4. Management Interface Failure with VPN	479
9.8.5. Specific Error Messages	479
9.8.6. Specific Symptoms	482
Chapter 10. Traffic Management	485
10.1. Traffic Shaping	485
10.1.1. Overview	485
10.1.2. Traffic Shaping in NetDefendOS	486
10.1.3. Simple Bandwidth Limiting	488
10.1.4. Limiting Bandwidth in Both Directions	489
10.1.5. Creating Differentiated Limits Using Chains	490
10.1.6. Precedences	492
10.1.7. Pipe Groups	496
10.1.8. Traffic Shaping Recommendations	499
10.1.9. A Summary of Traffic Shaping	500
10.1.10. More Pipe Examples	501
10.2. IDP Traffic Shaping	506
10.2.1. Overview	506
10.2.2. Setting Up IDP Traffic Shaping	506
10.2.3. Processing Flow	507
10.2.4. The Importance of Specifying a Network	507
10.2.5. A P2P Scenario	508
10.2.6. Viewing Traffic Shaping Objects	509
10.2.7. Guaranteeing Instead of Limiting Bandwidth	510
10.2.8. Logging	510
10.3. Threshold Rules	511
10.4. Server Load Balancing	514
10.4.1. Overview	514
10.4.2. SLB Distribution Algorithms	515
10.4.3. Selecting Stickiness	516
10.4.4. SLB Algorithms and Stickiness	517
10.4.5. Server Health Monitoring	518
10.4.6. Setting Up SLB_SAT Rules	519
Chapter 11. High Availability	523
11.1. Overview	523
11.2. HA Mechanisms	525
11.3. Setting Up HA	528
11.3.1. HA Hardware Setup	528
11.3.2. NetDefendOS Manual HA Setup	529
11.3.3. Verifying the Cluster Functions	530
11.3.4. Unique Shared Mac Addresses	531
11.4. HA Issues	532
11.5. Upgrading an HA Cluster	534
11.6. Link Monitoring and HA	536
11.7. HA Advanced Settings	537
Chapter 12. ZoneDefense	539
12.1. Overview	539
12.2. ZoneDefense Switches	540
12.3. ZoneDefense Operation	541
12.3.1. SNMP	541
12.3.2. Threshold Rules	541
12.3.3. Manual Blocking and Exclude Lists	541
12.3.4. ZoneDefense with Anti-Virus Scanning	543
12.3.5. Limitations	543
Chapter 13. Advanced Settings	546
13.1. IP Level Settings	546
13.2. TCP Level Settings	550
13.3. ICMP Level Settings	555
13.4. State Settings	556
13.5. Connection Timeout Settings	558
13.6. Length Limit Settings	560
13.7. Fragmentation Settings	562
13.8. Local Fragment Reassembly Settings	566
13.9. Miscellaneous Settings	567
Appendix A. Subscribing to Updates	570
Appendix B. IDP Signature Groups	572
Appendix C. Verified MIME filetypes	576
Appendix D. The OSI Framework	580

Match case Limit results 1 per page

syslog, 60

system backup/restore, 83

System Contact (SNMP) setting, 75

System Location (SNMP) setting, 75

System Name (SNMP)setting, 75

tab completion (see CLI)

TCP Auto Clamping setting, 551

TCP ECN setting, 553

TCP FIN/URG setting, 553

TCP FIN Idle Lifetime setting, 558

TCP Idle Lifetime setting, 558

TCP MSS Log Level setting, 550

TCP MSS Max setting, 550

TCP MSS Min setting, 550

TCP MSS On High setting, 550

TCP MSS on Low setting, 550

TCP MSS VPN Max setting, 550

TCP NULL setting, 553

TCP Option ALTCHKDATA setting, 552

TCP Option ALTCHKREQ setting, 551

TCP Option Con Timeout setting, 552

TCP Option Other setting, 552

TCP Option SACK setting, 551

TCP Option Sizes setting, 550

TCP Option TSOPT setting, 551

TCP Option WSOPT setting, 551

TCP Reserved Field setting, 553

TCP Sequence Numbers setting, 553

TCP SYN/FIN setting, 553

TCP SYN/PSH setting, 552

TCP SYN/RST setting, 552

TCP SYN/URG setting, 552

TCP SYN Idle Lifetime setting, 558

TCP URG setting, 553

TCP Zero Unused ACK setting, 551

TCP Zero Unused URG setting, 551

Teriary Time Server setting, 158

TFTP ALG, 279

threshold rules, 511, 541

in zonedefense, 541

time synchronization, 154

Time Sync Server Type setting, 158

Time Zone setting, 157

TLS ALG, 316

traffic shaping, 485

bandwidth guarantees, 495

bandwidth limiting, 488

for VPNs, 499

FwdFast IP rule exclusion, 488

objectives, 485

pipe groups, 496

precedences, 491

recommendations, 499

summary, 500

with IDP, 506

Transaction Timeout (DHCP) setting, 257

Transparency ATS Expire setting, 245

Transparency ATS Size setting, 245

transparent mode, 233

advanced settings, 244

and internet access, 238

and NAT, 239

grouping IP addresses, 239

implementation, 234

single host routes, 235

switch routes, 233, 235

with DHCP, 237

with high availability, 237

with VLANs, 236

vs routing mode, 233

TTL Min setting, 547

TTL on Low setting, 547

tunnels, 106

UDP Bidirectional Keep-alive setting, 558

UDP Idle Lifetime setting, 558

UDP Source Port 0 setting, 567

Unknown VLAN Tags setting, 117

unnumbered PPPoE, 119

Unsolicited ARP Replies setting, 132

upgrading NetDefendOS

with an HA cluster, 534

uploading files with SCP, 48

user authentication (see authentication)

Use Unique Shared Mac (HA) setting, 531, 537

Validation Timeout setting, 52

virtual LAN (see VLAN)

virtual private networks (see VPN)

VLAN, 115

advanced settings, 117

license limitations, 117

port based, 116

trunk, 116

voice over IP

with H.323, 302

with SIP, 291

VoIP (see voice over IP)

VPN, 409

encryption, 410

IPsec, 423

key distribution, 411

planning, 411

quick start guide, 413

SSL VPN, 466

troubleshooting, 477

usage, 409

Warning Level setting, 79

Watchdog Time setting, 567

WCF (see web content filtering)

webauth, 399

web content filtering, 322

fail mode, 324

whitelisting, 323

web interface, 29, 30

default connection interface, 31

object cloning, 34

Alphabetical Index

588