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Exercise 3: Performing Least Squares Analysis

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■ All sides shots from adjusted setups within the traverse are updated. ■ All figures that reference points within the traverse are updated. ■ Any of the above data that is displayed in the current drawing is also updated. Because you will use this survey database to perform other analyses in later exercises, you will not reprocess the linework. 7 Click Cancel. 8 In Toolspace, on the Survey tab, select the Control Points collection. Right-click. Click Reset Adjusted Coordinates. This action resets the adjusted coordinates, enabling you to continue with the next analysis. To continue this tutorial, go to Exercise 3: Performing Least Squares Analysis (page 152). Exercise 3: Performing Least Squares Analysis In this exercise, you will reduce the survey information using the least squares adjustment method. The least squares method calculates the most probable value for each observation. The values are calculated by adjusting each of the observations simultaneously so that the sum of the squares of the residuals (the difference between measured and adjusted observations) is at a minimum. For more information, see the AutoCAD Civil 3D Help topic Least Squares Analysis. This exercise continues from Exercise 2: Performing Traverse Analysis (page 150). Modify the survey network style NOTE This exercise uses Survey-3.dwg with the modifications you made in the previous exercise. 1 In Toolspace, on the Settings tab, expand the Survey ➤ Network Styles collection. This collection contains the existing network styles in the drawing. 152 | Chapter 6 Survey Tutorials

Section	Page
Contents	3
Welcome to the AutoCAD Civil 3D Tutorials	13
Getting More Information	14
Setting Up the Workspace	15
Saving Your Tutorial Drawings	15
Getting Started Tutorials	17
Tutorial: Understanding the AutoCAD Civil 3D User Interface	17
Exercise 1: Finding Tools	18
Exercise 2: Understanding the Toolspace	21
Exercise 3: Using the Panorama Window	24
Tutorial: Using Basic Functionality	27
Tutorial: Viewing AutoCAD Civil 3D Objects	29
Exercise 1: Setting Up the Drawing Window	29
Exercise 2: Changing the Display of an Object	31
Exercise 3: Viewing a Drawing in Model	33
Points Tutorials	37
Tutorial: Creating Point Data	37
Exercise 1: Creating Description Keys	38
Exercise 2: Creating Point Groups	39
Exercise 3: Importing Points from a Database	41
Tutorial: Displaying and Editing Points	42
Exercise 1: Displaying an Externally Referenced Drawing	43
Exercise 2: Changing the Style of a Point Group	44
Exercise 3: Changing Point Group Display Order	45
Exercise 4: Removing an Externally Referenced Drawing	47
Exercise 5: Editing Points	47
Tutorial: Adding User-Defined Properties to Points	49
Exercise 1: Creating User-Defined Properties	49
Exercise 2: Creating a Label Style That Displays a User-Defined Property	51
Exercise 3: Assigning User-Defined Properties to Points	53
Exercise 4: Importing Points with User-Defined Properties	54
Exercise 5: Querying User-Defined Property Information	56
Point Cloud Tutorials	59
Tutorial: Working with Point Clouds	59
Exercise 1: Importing Point Cloud Data	59
Exercise 2: Working with Point Cloud Styles	62
Exercise 3: Adding Point Cloud Data to a Surface	65
Surfaces Tutorials	71
Tutorial: Creating and Adding Data to a Surface	71
Exercise 1: Creating a TIN Surface	75
Exercise 2: Adding Point Data to a Surface	76
Exercise 3: Adding Breaklines to a Surface	77
Exercise 4: Adding an Outer Boundary to a Surface	82
Tutorial: Working with Large Surfaces	85
Exercise 1: Limiting Imported Surface Data	86
Exercise 2: Simplifying a Surface	91
Tutorial: Changing the Surface Style and Display	93
Exercise 1: Editing the Surface Style	94
Exercise 2: Using a Different Style for a Surface	95
Exercise 3: Labeling a Surface	96
Tutorial: Editing Surface Data	98
Exercise 1: Swapping TIN Edges	100
Exercise 2: Deleting TIN Lines	103
Exercise 3: Adding a Hide Boundary	105
Exercise 4: Smoothing a Surface	107
Tutorial: Creating a Watershed and Water Drop Analysis	108
Exercise 1: Configuring a Style for Watershed Display	109
Exercise 2: Generating a Watershed Analysis	110
Exercise 3: Creating a Watershed Legend	111
Exercise 4: Extracting Objects from a Surface	112
Exercise 5: Analyzing Surface Water Runoff	113
Tutorial: Generating Surface Volume Information	117
Exercise 1: Creating the Base and Comparison Surfaces	118
Exercise 2: Creating a TIN Volume Surface	121
Exercise 3: Creating a Composite Volume Calculation	122
Tutorial: Visualizing Surface Data	123
Exercise 1: Moving Multi-View Blocks to a Surface	123
Exercise 2: Rendering a Surface	126
Tutorial: Obtaining an Aerial Image and Draping It on a Surface	128
Exercise 1: Publishing Surface Data to Google Earth	129
Exercise 2: Importing a Google Earth Image	133
Exercise 3: Draping an Image on a Surface	136
Survey Tutorials	141
Tutorial: Survey Setup	141
Exercise 1: Creating a Survey Database	142
Exercise 2: Setting the Equipment and Figure Prefix Databases	142
Exercise 3: Adjusting and Verifying Settings	144
Exercise 4: Setting Survey Styles	146
Exercise 5: Setting Up a Linework Code Set	147
Tutorial: Importing Survey Data	148
Exercise 1: Importing Field-Coded Survey Data	148
Exercise 2: Updating Imported Survey Data	151
Tutorial: Viewing and Editing Survey Data	156
Exercise 1: Viewing Survey Data	156
Exercise 2: Editing a Figure	158
Tutorial: Analyzing and Reducing Survey Data	159
Exercise 1: Querying Survey Data	160
Exercise 2: Performing Traverse Analysis	162
Exercise 3: Performing Least Squares Analysis	164
Exercise 4: Translating a Survey Database	166
Tutorial: Manually Creating Survey Data	167
Exercise 1: Creating Survey Data Using the Toolspace Survey Tab	168
Exercise 2: Creating Survey Data Using the Traverse Editor	172
Exercise 3: Creating Survey Data Using the Survey Command Window	176
Exercise 4: Calculating an Azimuth in The Astronomic Direction Calculator	179
Exercise 5: Creating Figures from Parcels	182
Tutorial: Outputting Survey Information	183
Exercise 1: Viewing Inverse and Mapcheck Information on a Survey Figure	183
Exercise 2: Performing a Mapcheck Analysis with Parcel Labels	185
Exercise 3: Performing a Mapcheck Analysis by Manually Entering Data	188
Exercise 4: Working with Mapcheck Data	191
Exercise 5: Creating Surface Breaklines from Figures	193
Project Management Tutorials	195
Tutorial: Using Data Shortcuts	195
Exercise 1: Setting Up a Data Shortcut Folder	196
Exercise 2: Creating Data Shortcuts	198
Exercise 3: Referencing Data Shortcuts	200
Tutorial: Vault Setup	207
Exercise 1: Logging In to Autodesk Vault	207
Exercise 2: Creating User Accounts and Groups	209
Exercise 3: Creating a Project	211
Tutorial: Creating, Referencing, and Modifying Project Object Data	212
Exercise 1: Adding a Drawing to the Project	213
Exercise 2: Creating a Reference to a Project Object	214
Exercise 3: Checking Out and Modifying a Project Object	216
Exercise 4: Checking In a Project Object	217
Exercise 5: Updating a Project Object	218
Tutorial: Creating and Modifying Project Point Data	219
Exercise 1: Adding Points to a Project	219
Exercise 2: Checking Out and Modifying Project Points	221
Exercise 3: Checking In Project Points	222
Tutorial: Exporting and Importing Vault Projects	223
Exercise 1: Exporting a Vault Project	223
Exercise 2: Importing a Data Shortcut Project into Vault	224
Alignments Tutorials	225
Tutorial: Creating Alignments	225
Exercise 1: Creating an Alignment with the Alignment Layout Tools	226
Exercise 2: Adding Free Curves and Spirals to an Alignment	229
Exercise 3: Adding Floating Curves to an Alignment	231
Tutorial: Editing Alignments	235
Exercise 1: Editing the Layout Parameter Values of an Alignment	235
Exercise 2: Grip Editing an Alignment	237
Exercise 3: Applying a Mask to an Alignment	239
Tutorial: Working with Offset Alignments	244
Exercise 1: Creating Offset Alignments	245
Exercise 2: Editing an Offset Alignment	248
Exercise 3: Adding a Widening to an Offset Alignment	251
Exercise 4: Editing an Offset Widening	255
Tutorial: Designing an Alignment that Refers to Local Standards	260
Exercise 1: Drawing an Alignment that Refers to Design Criteria	260
Exercise 2: Viewing and Correcting Alignment Design Criteria Violations	265
Exercise 3: Working with Design Checks	268
Exercise 4: Modifying a Design Criteria File	271
Tutorial: Applying Superelevation to an Alignment	274
Exercise 1: Calculating Superelevation for an Alignment	274
Exercise 2: Calculating Superelevation for an Individual Curve	276
Exercise 3: Creating a Superelevation View	279
Exercise 4: Adding and Modifying Superelevation Stations	281
Exercise 5: Editing Superelevation Parameters Graphically	284
Profiles Tutorials	287
Tutorial: Designing Simple Profiles	287
Tutorial: Using Surface Profiles	291
Exercise 1: Creating and Displaying Surface Profiles with Offsets	292
Exercise 2: Changing the Profile Style	294
Exercise 3: Reviewing Surface Profile Characteristics	297
Tutorial: Using Layout Profiles	299
Exercise 1: Creating a Layout Profile	300
Exercise 2: Editing a Layout Profile	304
Exercise 3: Copying a Profile and Offsetting it Vertically	306
Tutorial: Designing a Profile that Refers to Local Standards	309
Exercise 1: Specifying Profile Design Criteria	310
Exercise 2: Drawing a Profile that Refers to Design Criteria	311
Exercise 3: Viewing and Correcting Profile Design Criteria Violations	313
Tutorial: Displaying and Modifying Profile Views	316
Exercise 1: Editing the Profile View Style	317
Exercise 2: Adding Hatch Patterns Between Profiles	322
Exercise 3: Projecting Objects onto a Profile View	326
Exercise 4: Splitting a Profile View	333
Exercise 5: Creating Multiple Profile Views	336
Exercise 6: Creating Stacked Profile Views	338
Tutorial: Working with Data Bands	342
Exercise 1: Adding Data Bands to a Profile View	343
Exercise 2: Moving Labels in a Data Band	348
Exercise 3: Modifying a Data Band Style	351
Parcels Tutorials	353
Tutorial: Creating Parcels	353
Exercise 1: Creating Parcels from AutoCAD Objects	353
Exercise 2: Subdividing a Parcel with a Free-Form Segment	357
Exercise 3: Subdividing a Parcel with a Slide Line	360
Exercise 4: Subdividing a Parcel with a Swing Line	367
Exercise 5: Working with Alignments and Parcels	371
Tutorial: Editing Parcel Data	373
Exercise 1: Sliding a Parcel Lot Line	374
Exercise 2: Swinging One End of a Parcel Lot Line	380
Exercise 3: Editing Parcel Lot Line Geometry	387
Tutorial: Displaying and Analyzing Parcels	393
Exercise 1: Changing Parcel Style Display Order	394
Exercise 2: Exporting Parcel Data	397
Grading Tutorials	399
Tutorial: Setting up Grading Standards	399
Exercise 1: Reviewing Grading Settings	400
Exercise 2: Creating Grading Criteria	400
Exercise 3: Creating Grading Styles	403
Tutorial: Creating Gradings	404
Exercise 1: Creating Feature Lines	404
Exercise 2: Assigning Feature Line Elevations	407
Exercise 3: Creating a Grading	409
Tutorial: Editing Gradings	412
Exercise 1: Editing the Grading Elevation	412
Exercise 2: Balancing Cut and Fill Volumes	414
Exercise 3: Editing the Grading Criteria	415
Tutorial: Grading from a Complex Building Footprint	416
Exercise 1: Simplifying a Building Footprint	417
Exercise 2: Grading from a Building Footprint to a Surface	420
Exercise 3: Filling Holes in a Grading	422
Tutorial: Using Feature Lines to Modify a Grading	424
Exercise 1: Smoothing Feature Line Arcs	424
Exercise 2: Adjusting Grading Triangulation with a Feature Line	426
Exercise 3: Working with Crossing Feature Lines	427
Corridor Assembly Tutorials	433
Tutorial: Working with Assemblies	433
Exercise 1: Creating an Assembly	434
Exercise 2: Modifying the Subassembly Name Template	439
Exercise 3: Managing Assemblies and Subassemblies	442
Tutorial: Creating an Assembly with Conditions	445
Exercise 1: Examining the Existing Corridor in Section	445
Exercise 2: Adding Conditional Subassemblies to a Corridor Assembly	447
Exercise 3: Adjusting Conditional Subassembly Properties	455
Exercise 4: Rebuilding the Corridor and Examining the Results	458
Tutorial: Saving and Sharing Corridor Assemblies	460
Exercise 1: Saving Assemblies to a Tool Palette	461
Exercise 2: Copying Assemblies to a Tool Catalog	463
Exercise 3: Publishing a Tool Catalog	465
Exercise 4: Installing a Tool Catalog	466
Exercise 5: Moving Assemblies from a Tool Catalog to a Tool Palette or Drawing	467
Corridors Tutorials	471
Tutorial: Creating a Basic Corridor Model	471
Tutorial: Creating a Corridor with a Transition Lane	475
Exercise 1: Creating an Assembly with a Transition Lane	476
Exercise 2: Creating a Corridor with a Transition Lane	479
Tutorial: Creating a Divided Highway Corridor	483
Exercise 1: Creating a Divided Highway Assembly	484
Exercise 2: Creating a Divided Highway Corridor	488
Tutorial: Viewing and Editing Corridor Sections	489
Exercise 1: Viewing Corridor Sections	489
Exercise 2: Editing Corridor Sections	492
Tutorial: Viewing and Rendering a Corridor	495
Exercise 1: Creating Corridor Surfaces	495
Exercise 2: Creating Corridor Surface Boundaries	498
Exercise 3: Visualizing a Corridor	502
Intersection and Roundabout Tutorials	507
Tutorial: Creating Intersections	508
Exercise 1: Creating a Peer Road Intersection	508
Exercise 2: Creating a Primary Road Intersection with Turn Lanes	515
Exercise 3: Creating an Intersection with Existing Geometry	520
Tutorial: Editing Intersections	528
Exercise 1: Editing the Horizontal Geometry of an Intersection	528
Exercise 2: Editing the Vertical Geometry of an Intersection	537
Exercise 3: Creating and Editing a Corridor in the Intersection Area	545
Tutorial: Working with Roundabouts	550
Exercise 1: Creating a Roundabout	550
Exercise 2: Adding an Approach Road to a Roundabout	558
Exercise 3: Adding a Turn Slip Lane to a Roundabout	562
Exercise 4: Editing Roundabout Components	565
Exercise 5: Working with Roundabout Design Standards and Presets	572
Sections Tutorials	581
Tutorial: Creating Section Views	581
Exercise 1: Creating Sample Lines	582
Exercise 2: Creating Section Views	584
Tutorial: Adding Data to a Section View	589
Exercise 1: Projecting an Object onto a Section View	589
Exercise 2: Adding a Section View Grade Label	598
Exercise 3: Adding a Data Band to a Section View	599
Material Calculation Tutorials	601
Tutorial: Calculating Earthwork Volumes from Corridor Models	601
Exercise 1: Reviewing Quantity Takeoff Criteria and Report Settings	602
Exercise 2: Creating a Material List	603
Exercise 3: Generating a Volume Report	605
Tutorial: Working with Mass Haul Diagrams	606
Exercise 1: Creating a Mass Haul Diagram	608
Exercise 2: Balancing Mass Haul Volumes	610
Exercise 3: Editing the Mass Haul Line Style	613
Tutorial: Calculating and Reporting Quantities	615
Exercise 1: Loading and Navigating a Pay Item List	616
Exercise 2: Assigning Pay Item Codes to AutoCAD Objects	618
Exercise 3: Assigning Pay Item Codes to Pipe Network Parts	624
Exercise 4: Assigning Pay Item Codes to Corridors	628
Exercise 5: Working with Quantity Reports	631
Exercise 6: Working with Pay Item Formulas	634
Exercise 7: Creating a Pay Item List	637
Pipe Network Tutorials	641
Tutorial: Creating a Pipe Network	641
Exercise 1: Creating a Pipe Network from a Polyline	642
Exercise 2: Creating a Pipe Network by Layout	647
Exercise 3: Adding Parts to a Pipe Network	649
Tutorial: Changing Pipe Network Properties	651
Exercise 1: Adding Parts to the Parts List	651
Exercise 2: Changing the Surface, Alignment, and Rules Configuration	652
Exercise 3: Adding a Branch to a Pipe Network	654
Tutorial: Viewing and Editing Pipe Networks	657
Exercise 1: Drawing Pipe Network Parts in a Profile View	657
Exercise 2: Adding Labels to Pipe Network Parts	658
Exercise 3: Editing Pipe Network Parts in a Profile View	661
Exercise 4: Overriding the Style of a Pipe Network Part in a Profile View	662
Exercise 5: Viewing Pipe Network Parts in a Section View	664
Exercise 6: Creating Pipe and Structure Tables	665
Part Builder Tutorials	669
Tutorial: Creating a Cylindrical Manhole Structure	669
Exercise 1: Defining the New Part in the Structure Catalog	669
Exercise 2: Defining the Manhole Geometry	671
Exercise 3: Matching Offsets and Dimensions to Parameters	681
Exercise 4: Verifying the New Part	685
Tutorial: Creating a Drop Inlet Manhole Structure	688
Exercise 1: Defining the New Part in the Structure Catalog	688
Exercise 2: Defining the Manhole Geometry	690
Exercise 3: Creating Profiles and Establishing Parameters	700
Tutorial: Creating a Vault Structure	717
Exercise 1: Defining the New Part in the Structure Catalog	718
Exercise 2: Defining the Vault Top Section Geometry	719
Exercise 3: Defining the Vault Box Geometry	729
Exercise 4: Finalizing the Part	740
Exercise 5: Using the New Part	747
Labels and Tables Tutorials	751
Tutorial: Preparing to Annotate a Drawing	752
Exercise 1: Attaching Drawings as Xrefs for Annotation	752
Exercise 2: Exploring the Annotation Tools on the Ribbon	755
Tutorial: Adding and Editing Labels	756
Exercise 1: Adding Labels in Groups	757
Exercise 2: Manually Labeling an Object	764
Exercise 3: Selecting and Moving Labels	767
Exercise 4: Working with Label Properties	773
Tutorial: Changing the Content of a Label	775
Exercise 1: Overriding Label Text	776
Exercise 2: Changing Label Content in the Drawing Settings	777
Tutorial: Working with Tables and Tags	779
Exercise 1: Creating a Parcel Area Table	780
Exercise 2: Converting Labels to Tags	782
Exercise 3: Renumbering Table Tags	786
Tutorial: Working with Label Styles	788
Exercise 1: Creating a Label Style	788
Exercise 2: Using a Child Label Style	792
Exercise 3: Controlling Label Appearance Using Layers	795
Exercise 4: Changing the Dragged State of a Label	801
Exercise 5: Changing a Label Style	805
Exercise 6: Creating a Label Style that Refers to Another Object	809
Tutorial: Using Expressions in Labels	813
Exercise 1: Creating an Expression	814
Exercise 2: Inserting an Expression Into a Label Style	815
Plan Production Tutorials	817
Tutorial: Preparing a Drawing for Plan and Profile Sheet Layout	817
Exercise 1: Configuring Viewports	818
Exercise 2: Creating View Frames	819
Tutorial: Generating Sheets for Plotting	823
Exercise 1: Creating Plan and Profile Sheets	823
Exercise 2: Creating Section Sheets	826
Tutorial Folder Locations	831