Home » Texas Instruments Manuals » Calculators » Texas Instruments TI89 » Manual Viewer

Texas Instruments TI89 Developer Guide - Page 158

columns are limited to the width of a menu item. The main reason for using

UPC - 033317198566

View all Texas Instruments TI89 manuals

Add to My Manuals
Save this manual to your list of manuals

Page 158 highlights

116 Chapter 11: Creating the User Interface bitmap is followed by a comma and a unique identifying name. The icon or bitmap is referenced in the resource file by using a * character followed by the icon/bitmap filename, a comma, and then the identifying name specified in the icon/bitmap file. The following example creates a menu using both an icon and several bitmaps from the file appr2.ico which follows. This example also creates a pop-up using an embedded icon and an embedded bitmap as shown in Figure 11.2. TOOLBOX TestMenu, 0, 0, 0 { "Text" { *appr2.ico, ICON_1, ID_2 *appr2.ico, BITMAP_1, ID_3 } *appr2.ico, BITMAP_2, ID_4 *appr2.ico, BITMAP_3, ID_5 } POPUP TestPopup, 0, 0 { [0x0000, 0xFFFE, 0x2FF9, 0x0BF9, 0x02F9, 0x00B9, 0x1029, 0x3006, 0x6000, 0x6000, 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF, 0x6000, 0x6000, 0xF000, 0x0000], ID_P1 [[12, 14, 0x7F, 0xFC, 0x40, 0x04, 0x4F, 0xC4, 0x40, 0x44, 0x40, 0x44, 0x4F, 0xC4, 0x48, 0x04, 0x48, 0x04, 0x48, 0x04, 0x4F, 0xC4, 0x40, 0x04, 0x7F, 0xFC]], ID_P2 } // APPR2.ICO [0x0000, 0xFFFE, 0x2FF9, 0x0BF9, 0x02F9, 0x00B9, 0x1029, 0x3006, 0x6000, 0x6000, 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF, 0x6000, 0x6000, 0xF000, 0x0000], ICON_1 [[12, 14, 0x7F, 0xFC, 0x40, 0x04, 0x4F, 0xC4, 0x40, 0x44, 0x40, 0x44, 0x4F, 0xC4, 0x48, 0x04, 0x48, 0x04, 0x48, 0x04, 0x4F, 0xC4, 0x40, 0x04, 0x7F, 0xFC]], BITMAP_1 [[15, 11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x80, 0x0F, 0xC0, 0x0F, 0xE0, 0x0F, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x80, 0x0D, 0x80, 0x08, 0xC0, 0x00, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x60]], BITMAP_2 [[12, 12, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0xC0, 0x11, 0x80, 0x1B, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00]], BITMAP_3 Note that BITMAPs in menus are limited to a maximum of 16 rows and the columns are limited to the width of a menu item. The main reason for using BITMAPs in a menu is in the top-level toolbar. By using BITMAPs, the menu system can reduce the total width of the top-level toolbar as shown in the following image from the preceding example. Since the menu items associated with F2 and F3 are bitmaps, the width of the corresponding tabs is not as wide as if they had been defined as ICONs which are always assumed to be 16 by 16 in a menu. TI-89 / TI-92 Plus Developer Guide Not for Distribution Beta Version January 26, 2001

Section	Page
Ti-89/TI-92 Plus Developer Guide	1
Front Matter	1
Important information	2
Table of Contents	3
Figures	39
Tables	41
Chapter1 1 to 18	43
Introduction	43
Purpose of this Guide	43
Chapter Layout	43
Conventions Used in this Guide	45
The 68000 TI AMS Operating System Overview	47
The TI-89 / TI-92 Plus Hardware Overview	49
Overview	49
Memory Map	50
Vector Table	51
ASIC registers	53
User Interface Overview	57
Windows	57
Menus	58
Toolbars	59
Pop-ups	59
Dialog Boxes	60
Fonts	61
The Status Line	64
Flash Applications vs. ASM Programs	65
Assembly Language Programming Overview	67
What are ASM Programs?	67
Hardware Stack	67
Register Usage	67
Calling Flash-ROM-Resident Routines	68
Subroutine Linkage	69
Sample ASM Program	71
Flash Application Layout	73
File Format	73
Flash Header	73
Certificate Header	74
Application Header	75
Relocation Map	77
Application Code	77
Initial Data Table	77
Signature	78
Layout in Memory	78
Source Layout	80
Interactive Applications	80
TI-BASIC Extensions	90
Shared-Code Library	93
Language Localization	98
Integrating a Flash Application	105
Mode Settings	105
Mode Notification Flags	105
Switching to the Home Screen	108
Catalog	109
Built-in Functions and Commands	109
User-Defined Functions and Programs	109
Flash App Extensions	111
Interfacing with TI-BASIC	112
Verifying the OS Version	116
Optimizing Code Space	117
VAR-LINK	118
Application Control Flow	119
Event-Driven Architecture	119
Event Structure Layout	120
Commands	121
Starting and Stopping an Application	126
Keyboard Events	127
Menu Processing	127
Static Menus	128
Dynamic Menus	129
Paint Events	130
Background Events	130
Default Event Handler	130
CM_KEY_PRESS	130
CM_PASTE_STRING	133
CM_PASTE_HANDLE	134
CM_STO	134
CM_RCL	134
CM_DEACTIVATE	134
CM_ACTIVATE	134
Installing, Moving, and Deleting an Application	134
Error Handling	137
Throwing an Error	137
Delayed Error Messages	137
Throwing Your Own Errors	138
Catching Errors	139
Cleaning Up	139
Caveats	140
Jumping Out of TRY Blocks	140
Referencing Auto Variables in ONERR/FINALLY Blocks	141
Where Not to Throw Errors	141
Creating the User Interface	143
Common Screen Components	143
Screen/Window Regions and Coordinates	143
BITMAP	144
ICON	144
Windows	144
Window Regions and Coordinates	145
Window Routines	146
Menus	147
Menu-Draw Structure	148
Menu IDs	148
Menu Routines	148
Dialog Boxes	150
Dialog Routines	150
Dialog Fields	151
Dialog Flags	155
Dialog Call-Backs	156
Resource Compiler	157
DIALOG Boxes	159
MENUs	160
POPUPs	161
Example	162
Files in Example and Explanation of Details	165
Basic Text Editing Facility	169
How to Edit Text	169
Simple Text Edit Example	170
Clipboard	171
Memory Management	173
The Heap (Dynamic RAM Storage)	173
File System	174
Opening Multiple Files for WRITE Mode	175
Managing Variables	176
Normal Symbol Routines	178
Storing and Retrieving Variable Data	179
Low-Level Routines	185
Data Types	187
Expression	189
Non-Negative or Negative Integers	189
Positive or Negative Fractions	189
Floating-Point Numbers	190
All Other Tags Not Listed Here	190
List	190
Matrix	191
Data Variable	192
Text Variable	193
String Variable	193
Graph Database	194
Bitmap PIC Images	198
Tokenized Programs and Functions	199
Programs and Functions in Text Format	201
Third Party Data	202
Assembly Program	202
Expressions and the Expression Stack	203
Overview	203
Contiguous Tokenized Polish Representation	203
Tags	204
Numbers	205
Variables, Units and Physical Constants	207
Other Constants	208
One-argument Tags	209
Two-argument Tags	209
Tags That Take More Than Two or a	210
Variable Number of Arguments	210
Lists and Matrices	211
Primary, Secondary, and Command Tags	211
User and Application Defined Functions and Programs	212
External Versus Internal Tokenized Polish	212
Most Main Ordering and Internal Representations of Exponentiation, Multiplication, and Addition	214
The Expression Stack	216
An Example of Working on the EStack	217
Estack Arguments and Results	218
Estack Calculations	219
Working With Lists	220
Working with Numbers	223
Overview	223
Rational System vs. Float System	223
EXACT/APPROX/AUTO Modes	224
Floating Point Numbers	225
Rational Numbers	227
EStack Arithmetic	227
Complex Numbers	228
Graphing	231
The Graph Screen	231
Working with the Graph Application	232
Two Graph Mode	234
Graphing Functions	235
Graph Application Memory Usage	236
Available Graph System Routines and Global Variables	237
TI FLASH Studio (IDE) Overview	241
Introduction	241
Development System	241
Requirements	241
Installation	242
Compiler/Assembler/Linker	243
Simulator/Debugger	243
IDE Overview	243
Uninstalling	245
Support	245
References	245
TI FLASH Studio Interface	246
File Menu	247
Edit Menu	248
View Menu	249
Project Menu	253
Debug Menu	254
Simulator Menu	256
Link Menu	257
Window Menu	257
Help Menu	258
Example	258
Creating a Flash Studio Project	258
Building the Application	259
Loading the Application into the Simulator	259
Debugging the Application	259
Terminating TI FLASH Studio	259
Preparing the Application for Site Testing	260
Preparing for Public Release	261
Glossary	263
Appendix A: System Routines	267
Algebra Utilities	269
Apps	341
Certificates	373
Data Utilities	377
Dialog	385
Direct Floating Point Operations	405
Display	475
Error Handling	489
EStack Arithmetic	499
EStack Utilities	557
Expression Evaluation / Algebraic Simplification	579
Files	597
Graphing	623
Home Screen	659
Interrupts	669
Keyboard	675
Link	697
Lists and Matrices	707
Logic	767
Math	791
Memory Management	885
Menus	911
Mode Screen Settings	951
Operating System	955
Program I/O Screen	979
Solver	983
Statistics	991
Status Line	1001
Strings	1013
Symbol Table Utilities	1049
Text Editing	1093
Timer	1117
Token Operations	1125
Utilities	1135
Variable Name Utilities	1157
Variables	1169
Windows	1185
Appendix B: Global Variables	1241
Appendix C: Macros	1315
Fonts	1341
Appendix D: TI.89 / TI- 92 Plus “Small” Character Font	1341
Appendix E: TI.89 / TI- 92Plus “Large” Character Font	1349
Appendix F: TI.89 / TI- 92 Plus “Huge” Character Font	1359
Reference Lists	1371
System Routines	1371
Global Variables	1393

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1,000
1,001
1,002
1,003
1,004
1,005
1,006
1,007
1,008
1,009
1,010
1,011
1,012
1,013
1,014
1,015
1,016
1,017
1,018
1,019
1,020
1,021
1,022
1,023
1,024
1,025
1,026
1,027
1,028
1,029
1,030
1,031
1,032
1,033
1,034
1,035
1,036
1,037
1,038
1,039
1,040
1,041
1,042
1,043
1,044
1,045
1,046
1,047
1,048
1,049
1,050
1,051
1,052
1,053
1,054
1,055
1,056
1,057
1,058
1,059
1,060
1,061
1,062
1,063
1,064
1,065
1,066
1,067
1,068
1,069
1,070
1,071
1,072
1,073
1,074
1,075
1,076
1,077
1,078
1,079
1,080
1,081
1,082
1,083
1,084
1,085
1,086
1,087
1,088
1,089
1,090
1,091
1,092
1,093
1,094
1,095
1,096
1,097
1,098
1,099
1,100
1,101
1,102
1,103
1,104
1,105
1,106
1,107
1,108
1,109
1,110
1,111
1,112
1,113
1,114
1,115
1,116
1,117
1,118
1,119
1,120
1,121
1,122
1,123
1,124
1,125
1,126
1,127
1,128
1,129
1,130
1,131
1,132
1,133
1,134
1,135
1,136
1,137
1,138
1,139
1,140
1,141
1,142
1,143
1,144
1,145
1,146
1,147
1,148
1,149
1,150
1,151
1,152
1,153
1,154
1,155
1,156
1,157
1,158
1,159
1,160
1,161
1,162
1,163
1,164
1,165
1,166
1,167
1,168
1,169
1,170
1,171
1,172
1,173
1,174
1,175
1,176
1,177
1,178
1,179
1,180
1,181
1,182
1,183
1,184
1,185
1,186
1,187
1,188
1,189
1,190
1,191
1,192
1,193
1,194
1,195
1,196
1,197
1,198
1,199
1,200
1,201
1,202
1,203
1,204
1,205
1,206
1,207
1,208
1,209
1,210
1,211
1,212
1,213
1,214
1,215
1,216
1,217
1,218
1,219
1,220
1,221
1,222
1,223
1,224
1,225
1,226
1,227
1,228
1,229
1,230
1,231
1,232
1,233
1,234
1,235
1,236
1,237
1,238
1,239
1,240
1,241
1,242
1,243
1,244
1,245
1,246
1,247
1,248
1,249
1,250
1,251
1,252
1,253
1,254
1,255
1,256
1,257
1,258
1,259
1,260
1,261
1,262
1,263
1,264
1,265
1,266
1,267
1,268
1,269
1,270
1,271
1,272
1,273
1,274
1,275
1,276
1,277
1,278
1,279
1,280
1,281
1,282
1,283
1,284
1,285
1,286
1,287
1,288
1,289
1,290
1,291
1,292
1,293
1,294
1,295
1,296
1,297
1,298
1,299
1,300
1,301
1,302
1,303
1,304
1,305
1,306
1,307
1,308
1,309
1,310
1,311
1,312
1,313
1,314
1,315
1,316
1,317
1,318
1,319
1,320
1,321
1,322
1,323
1,324
1,325
1,326
1,327
1,328
1,329
1,330
1,331
1,332
1,333
1,334
1,335
1,336
1,337
1,338
1,339
1,340
1,341
1,342
1,343
1,344
1,345
1,346
1,347
1,348
1,349
1,350
1,351
1,352
1,353
1,354
1,355
1,356
1,357
1,358
1,359
1,360
1,361
1,362
1,363
1,364
1,365
1,366
1,367
1,368
1,369
1,370
1,371
1,372
1,373
1,374
1,375
1,376
1,377
1,378
1,379
1,380
1,381
1,382
1,383
1,384
1,385
1,386
1,387
1,388
1,389
1,390
1,391
1,392
1,393
1,394
1,395
1,396
1,397
1,398

Match case Limit results 1 per page

116

Chapter 11: Creating the User Interface

89 / TI

92 Plus Developer Guide

Not for Distribution

Beta Version January 26, 2001

bitmap is followed by a comma and a unique identifying name. The icon or

bitmap is referenced in the resource file by using a

character followed by the

icon/bitmap filename, a comma, and then the identifying name specified in the

icon/bitmap file. The following example creates a menu using both an icon and

several bitmaps from the file appr2.ico which follows. This example also creates

a pop-up using an embedded icon and an embedded bitmap as shown in

Figure 11.2.

TOOLBOX TestMenu, 0, 0, 0 {

"Text" {

*appr2.ico,

ICON_1

, ID_2

*appr2.ico,

BITMAP_1

, ID_3

}

*appr2.ico,

BITMAP_2

, ID_4

*appr2.ico,

BITMAP_3

, ID_5

}

POPUP TestPopup, 0, 0 {

[0x0000, 0xFFFE, 0x2FF9, 0x0BF9, 0x02F9, 0x00B9, 0x1029, 0x3006,

0x6000, 0x6000, 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF, 0x6000, 0x6000, 0xF000,

0x0000], ID_P1

[[12, 14, 0x7F, 0xFC, 0x40, 0x04, 0x4F, 0xC4, 0x40, 0x44, 0x40,

0x44, 0x4F, 0xC4, 0x48, 0x04, 0x48, 0x04, 0x48, 0x04, 0x4F, 0xC4,

0x40, 0x04, 0x7F, 0xFC]], ID_P2

}

// APPR2.ICO

[0x0000, 0xFFFE, 0x2FF9, 0x0BF9, 0x02F9, 0x00B9, 0x1029, 0x3006, 0x6000,

0x6000, 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF, 0x6000, 0x6000, 0xF000, 0x0000],

ICON_1

[[12, 14, 0x7F, 0xFC, 0x40, 0x04, 0x4F, 0xC4, 0x40, 0x44, 0x40, 0x44,

0x4F, 0xC4, 0x48, 0x04, 0x48, 0x04, 0x48, 0x04, 0x4F, 0xC4, 0x40,

0x04, 0x7F, 0xFC]],

BITMAP_1

[[15, 11, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x00,

0x0F, 0x80, 0x0F, 0xC0, 0x0F, 0xE0, 0x0F, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x80, 0x0D,

0x80, 0x08, 0xC0, 0x00, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0x60]],

BITMAP_2

[[12, 12, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10,

0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x60, 0x00, 0xC0, 0x11, 0x80, 0x1B, 0x00, 0x0E,

0x00, 0x04, 0x00]],

BITMAP_3

Note that BITMAPs in menus are limited to a maximum of 16 rows and the

columns are limited to the width of a menu item. The main reason for using

BITMAPs in a menu is in the top-level toolbar. By using BITMAPs, the menu

system can reduce the total width of the top-level toolbar as shown in the

following image from the preceding example. Since the menu items associated

with F2 and F3 are bitmaps, the width of the corresponding tabs is not as wide as

if they had been defined as ICONs which are always assumed to be 16 by 16 in

a menu.