Texas Instruments TI89 Developer Guide - Page 223

181 16. 16.1. 16.2. Working with Numbers Overview This chapter describes the two separate number subsystems that are built into the AMS Operating System - the rational system and the float system. The numeric representations used by these systems are described in section 15.2.2. Numbers. Briefly, the rational system is an exact number system that uses tagged integers and tagged fractions. The float system is an approximation number system that uses BCD floating point numbers. Rational System vs. Float System The primary advantage of the rational system is no loss of precision. So long as no operation overflows or underflows, rational results are exact. The primary disadvantage of the rational system is that the representation size is not fixed. As tagged integers increase in magnitude the size of the representation increases accordingly. As the magnitudes of numerators and denominators increase, the representation size of fractions grows as well. Indexes into arrays of rational numbers cannot be directly computed. To reach a specific array element, the code must "step over" each of the preceding elements. Thus, depending upon the type of operations, the rational system can be slower than the float system. The primary advantage of the float system is the fixed size of the presentation. As a result the speed of operations is more predictable, and indexes into arrays of float numbers can be directly computed. The primary disadvantage of the float system is loss of precision. Since the representation size is fixed, float results must be rounded or truncated to a fixed number of significant digits after each operation. Thus, a float result is always assumed to be an approximation. Loss of precision makes the float system less suitable than the rational system for computer algebra, where many of the most powerful results depend upon the ability to maintain exact intermediate results. The rational system is less suitable when fast approximate results are desired, such as during graphing. Since the TI-89 / TI-92 Plus calculators need both these capabilities, the Operating System includes both types of numbers. A natural question for any application is whether to focus on or force the use of only one number system. For the most part the attitude of the Operating System is "let the calculator user decide." The system provides a mode setting, described in the next section, that allows the calculator user to control this issue. There are exceptions. For example, the graphing application and the statistical calculations require the use of the floating-point system, and so, ignore the current mode setting. TI-89 / TI-92 Plus Developer Guide Not for Distribution Beta Version January 26, 2001