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Texas Instruments TI89 Developer Guide - Page 68

Calling Flash-ROM-Resident Routines, Assembly Language Programming Overview

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26 6.4. Chapter 6: Assembly Language Programming Overview Besides register A7, you can use the remaining registers as needed. But, if you intend to call OS-resident routines or mix subroutines written in assembly language and C, you should adhere to the Sierra C™ register usage conventions. Registers D0, D1, D2, A0, and A1 are scratch registers. You do not need to save scratch register contents before using them. C uses register A6 as the subroutine parameter and stack-based variables frame pointer. Save and restore D3 - D7 and A2 - A6 whenever you use them in subroutines. The following example saves registers D3 - D5 and A2 - A3. movem.l d3-d5/a2-a3,-(sp) ; the assembler recognizes SP as ; an alternative to A7 Restore register values before returning from subroutine with: movem.l (sp)+,d3-d5/a2-a3 For memory and speed efficiency, your subroutines should only save and restore the registers you use. If you use only scratch registers, then you do not need to save any registers. Use the link and unlk instructions with register A6 to access subroutine parameters and to allocate temporary local variables. Sierra C expects function values to be returned in registers. Integer values are returned in D0. Pointer values are returned in A0. Calling Flash-ROM-Resident Routines Memory address 0xC8 contains a pointer to a table of OS routines and data structures. File tiams.inc contains jump table offsets which let you call OS routines from assembly language. For example, to call OS routine kbhit to determine if a key has been pressed on the keyboard: .include . . . move.l . . . move.l jsr tst.w "tiams.inc" 0xC8,a2 kbhit(a2),a0 (a0) d0 ; a2 -> jump table ; get address of kbhit routine ; call kbhit() ; zero = no keypress, nonzero = key waiting TI-89 / TI-92 Plus Developer Guide Not for Distribution Beta Version January 26, 2001

Section	Page
Ti-89/TI-92 Plus Developer Guide	1
Front Matter	1
Important information	2
Table of Contents	3
Figures	39
Tables	41
Chapter1 1 to 18	43
Introduction	43
Purpose of this Guide	43
Chapter Layout	43
Conventions Used in this Guide	45
The 68000 TI AMS Operating System Overview	47
The TI-89 / TI-92 Plus Hardware Overview	49
Overview	49
Memory Map	50
Vector Table	51
ASIC registers	53
User Interface Overview	57
Windows	57
Menus	58
Toolbars	59
Pop-ups	59
Dialog Boxes	60
Fonts	61
The Status Line	64
Flash Applications vs. ASM Programs	65
Assembly Language Programming Overview	67
What are ASM Programs?	67
Hardware Stack	67
Register Usage	67
Calling Flash-ROM-Resident Routines	68
Subroutine Linkage	69
Sample ASM Program	71
Flash Application Layout	73
File Format	73
Flash Header	73
Certificate Header	74
Application Header	75
Relocation Map	77
Application Code	77
Initial Data Table	77
Signature	78
Layout in Memory	78
Source Layout	80
Interactive Applications	80
TI-BASIC Extensions	90
Shared-Code Library	93
Language Localization	98
Integrating a Flash Application	105
Mode Settings	105
Mode Notification Flags	105
Switching to the Home Screen	108
Catalog	109
Built-in Functions and Commands	109
User-Defined Functions and Programs	109
Flash App Extensions	111
Interfacing with TI-BASIC	112
Verifying the OS Version	116
Optimizing Code Space	117
VAR-LINK	118
Application Control Flow	119
Event-Driven Architecture	119
Event Structure Layout	120
Commands	121
Starting and Stopping an Application	126
Keyboard Events	127
Menu Processing	127
Static Menus	128
Dynamic Menus	129
Paint Events	130
Background Events	130
Default Event Handler	130
CM_KEY_PRESS	130
CM_PASTE_STRING	133
CM_PASTE_HANDLE	134
CM_STO	134
CM_RCL	134
CM_DEACTIVATE	134
CM_ACTIVATE	134
Installing, Moving, and Deleting an Application	134
Error Handling	137
Throwing an Error	137
Delayed Error Messages	137
Throwing Your Own Errors	138
Catching Errors	139
Cleaning Up	139
Caveats	140
Jumping Out of TRY Blocks	140
Referencing Auto Variables in ONERR/FINALLY Blocks	141
Where Not to Throw Errors	141
Creating the User Interface	143
Common Screen Components	143
Screen/Window Regions and Coordinates	143
BITMAP	144
ICON	144
Windows	144
Window Regions and Coordinates	145
Window Routines	146
Menus	147
Menu-Draw Structure	148
Menu IDs	148
Menu Routines	148
Dialog Boxes	150
Dialog Routines	150
Dialog Fields	151
Dialog Flags	155
Dialog Call-Backs	156
Resource Compiler	157
DIALOG Boxes	159
MENUs	160
POPUPs	161
Example	162
Files in Example and Explanation of Details	165
Basic Text Editing Facility	169
How to Edit Text	169
Simple Text Edit Example	170
Clipboard	171
Memory Management	173
The Heap (Dynamic RAM Storage)	173
File System	174
Opening Multiple Files for WRITE Mode	175
Managing Variables	176
Normal Symbol Routines	178
Storing and Retrieving Variable Data	179
Low-Level Routines	185
Data Types	187
Expression	189
Non-Negative or Negative Integers	189
Positive or Negative Fractions	189
Floating-Point Numbers	190
All Other Tags Not Listed Here	190
List	190
Matrix	191
Data Variable	192
Text Variable	193
String Variable	193
Graph Database	194
Bitmap PIC Images	198
Tokenized Programs and Functions	199
Programs and Functions in Text Format	201
Third Party Data	202
Assembly Program	202
Expressions and the Expression Stack	203
Overview	203
Contiguous Tokenized Polish Representation	203
Tags	204
Numbers	205
Variables, Units and Physical Constants	207
Other Constants	208
One-argument Tags	209
Two-argument Tags	209
Tags That Take More Than Two or a	210
Variable Number of Arguments	210
Lists and Matrices	211
Primary, Secondary, and Command Tags	211
User and Application Defined Functions and Programs	212
External Versus Internal Tokenized Polish	212
Most Main Ordering and Internal Representations of Exponentiation, Multiplication, and Addition	214
The Expression Stack	216
An Example of Working on the EStack	217
Estack Arguments and Results	218
Estack Calculations	219
Working With Lists	220
Working with Numbers	223
Overview	223
Rational System vs. Float System	223
EXACT/APPROX/AUTO Modes	224
Floating Point Numbers	225
Rational Numbers	227
EStack Arithmetic	227
Complex Numbers	228
Graphing	231
The Graph Screen	231
Working with the Graph Application	232
Two Graph Mode	234
Graphing Functions	235
Graph Application Memory Usage	236
Available Graph System Routines and Global Variables	237
TI FLASH Studio (IDE) Overview	241
Introduction	241
Development System	241
Requirements	241
Installation	242
Compiler/Assembler/Linker	243
Simulator/Debugger	243
IDE Overview	243
Uninstalling	245
Support	245
References	245
TI FLASH Studio Interface	246
File Menu	247
Edit Menu	248
View Menu	249
Project Menu	253
Debug Menu	254
Simulator Menu	256
Link Menu	257
Window Menu	257
Help Menu	258
Example	258
Creating a Flash Studio Project	258
Building the Application	259
Loading the Application into the Simulator	259
Debugging the Application	259
Terminating TI FLASH Studio	259
Preparing the Application for Site Testing	260
Preparing for Public Release	261
Glossary	263
Appendix A: System Routines	267
Algebra Utilities	269
Apps	341
Certificates	373
Data Utilities	377
Dialog	385
Direct Floating Point Operations	405
Display	475
Error Handling	489
EStack Arithmetic	499
EStack Utilities	557
Expression Evaluation / Algebraic Simplification	579
Files	597
Graphing	623
Home Screen	659
Interrupts	669
Keyboard	675
Link	697
Lists and Matrices	707
Logic	767
Math	791
Memory Management	885
Menus	911
Mode Screen Settings	951
Operating System	955
Program I/O Screen	979
Solver	983
Statistics	991
Status Line	1001
Strings	1013
Symbol Table Utilities	1049
Text Editing	1093
Timer	1117
Token Operations	1125
Utilities	1135
Variable Name Utilities	1157
Variables	1169
Windows	1185
Appendix B: Global Variables	1241
Appendix C: Macros	1315
Fonts	1341
Appendix D: TI.89 / TI- 92 Plus “Small” Character Font	1341
Appendix E: TI.89 / TI- 92Plus “Large” Character Font	1349
Appendix F: TI.89 / TI- 92 Plus “Huge” Character Font	1359
Reference Lists	1371
System Routines	1371
Global Variables	1393