Campbell Scientific CR1000KD CR1000 Measurement and Control System - Page 79

79

Section 6. CR1000 Specifications

1.1

CR1000 specifications are valid from

─

25° to 50°C in non

‐

condensing environments unless otherwise specified. Recalibration is recommended every two years. Critical specifications and system

configurations should be confirmed with a Campbell Scientific applications engineer before purchase.

2.0

PROGRAM EXECUTION RATE

2.1

10 ms to one day at 10 ms increments

3.0

ANALOG INPUTS (SE 1–16, DIFF 1–8)

3.0.1

Eight differential (DIFF) or 16 single

‐

ended (SE) individually

configured input channels. Channel expansion provided by

optional analog multiplexers.

3.1.0

RANGES and RESOLUTION: With reference to the following table,

basic resolution (Basic Res) is the resolution of a single

A/D

(p.

447

)

conversion. A DIFF measurement with input reversal has

better (finer) resolution by twice than Basic Res.

3.1.1

‐‐

8 10

Range (mV)

1

DIFF

Res (

μ

V)

2

Basic

Res (

μ

V)

±5000

±2500

±250

±25

±7.5

±2.5

667

333

33.3

3.33

1.0

0.33

1333

667

66.7

6.7

2.0

0.67

Range overhead of

≈

9% on all ranges guarantees full

‐

scale

voltage will not cause over

‐

range.

2

Resolution of DIFF measurements with input reversal.

3.2

‐‐

8 10

ANALOG INPUT ACCURACY

3

:

±(0.06% of reading + offset

3

), 0° to 40°C


3

),

‐

25° to 50°C


3

),

‐

55° to 85°C (

‐

XT only)

3.2.1

3

Accuracy does not include sensor and measurement noise. Offset

definitions:

Offset = 1.5 x Basic Res + 1.0 μV (for DIFF measurement w/ input

reversal)

Offset = 3 x Basic Res + 2.0 μV (for DIFF measurement w/o input

reversal)

Offset = 3 x Basic Res + 3.0 μV (for SE measurement)

3.3

ANALOG MEASUREMENT SPEED:

‐‐

‐‐‐

Total Time

4

‐‐‐

Inte

‐

gration

Type

Code

Inte

‐

gration

Time

Settling

Time

SE

with

no

Rev

DIFF

with

Input

Rev

250

_60Hz

5

_50Hz

5

250 μs

16.67 ms

20.00 ms

450 μs

3 ms

3 ms

≈

1 ms

≈

20 ms

≈

25 ms

≈

12 ms

≈

40 ms

≈

50 ms

Includes 250

μ

s for conversion to engineering units.

5

AC line noise filter

3.4

INPUT

‐

NOISE VOLTAGE: For DIFF measurements with input

reversal on ±2.5 mV input range (digital resolution dominates for

higher ranges):

250

μ

s Integration: 0.34

μ

V RMS

50/60 Hz Integration: 0.19

μ

V RMS

INPUT LIMITS: ±5 Vdc

DC COMMON

‐

MODE REJECTION: >100 dB

NORMAL

‐

MODE REJECTION: 70 dB @ 60 Hz when using 60 Hz

rejection

INPUT VOLTAGE RANGE W/O MEASUREMENT CORRUPTION: ±8.6

Vdc max.

SUSTAINED

‐

INPUT VOLTAGE W/O DAMAGE: ±16 Vdc max.

INPUT CURRENT: ±1 nA typical, ±6 nA max. @ 50°C; ±90 nA @ 85°C

INPUT RESISTANCE: 20 G

Ω

typical

ACCURACY OF BUILT

‐

IN REFERENCE JUNCTION THERMISTOR (for

thermocouple measurements):

±0.3°C,

‐

25° to 50°C

±0.8°C,

‐

55° to 85°C (

‐

XT only)

4.0

ANALOG OUTPUTS (VX 1–3)

4.0.1

‐‐

10

Three switched voltage outputs sequentially active only during

measurement.

4.0.2

RANGES AND RESOLUTION:

4.1

‐‐

8 10

Channel

Range

Resolu

‐

tion

Current

Source

/ Sink

(VX 1–3)

±2.5 Vdc

0.67 mV

±25 mA

4.2

‐‐

8 10

ANALOG OUTPUT ACCURACY (VX):

±(0.06% of setting + 0.8 mV, 0° to 40°C

±(0.12% of setting + 0.8 mV,

‐

25° to 50°C

±(0.18% of setting + 0.8 mV,

‐

55° to 85°C (

‐

XT only)

4.4

VX FREQUENCY SWEEP FUNCTION: Switched outputs provide a

programmable swept frequency, 0 to 2500 mV square waves for

exciting vibrating wire transducers.

3.5.0

PERIOD AVERAGE

3.5.0a

Any of the 16 SE analog inputs can be used for period

averaging. Accuracy is ±(0.01% of reading + resolution), where

resolution is 136 ns divided by the specified number of cycles

to be measured.

INPUT AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY:

‐‐

Volt

‐

Input

Signal

Peak

‐

Peak

Min

Pulse

Max

age

Gain

Range

Code

Min

mV

6

Max

V

7

Width

μs

Freq

kHz

8

1

10

33

100

mV250

mV25

mV7_5

mV2_5

500

10

5

2

10

2

2

2

2.5

10

62

100

200

50

8

5

Signal to be centered around

Threshold

(see

PeriodAvg()

instruction).

7

Signal to be centered around ground.

8

The maximum frequency = 1/(twice minimum pulse width)

for 50% of duty cycle signals.

5.0

RATIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS

5.1

‐‐

8 10

MEASUREMENT TYPES: The CR1000 provides ratiometric

resistance measurements using voltage excitation. Three

switched voltage excitation outputs are available for

measurement of four

‐

and six

‐

wire full bridges, and two

‐

,

three

‐

, and four

‐

wire half bridges. Optional excitation polarity

reversal minimizes dc errors.

5.2

‐‐

8 10

RATIOMETRIC MEASUREMENT ACCURACY

9,11

Note

Important assumptions outlined in footnote 9:

±(0.04% of Voltage Measurement + Offset

12

)

5.2.1

9

Accuracy specification assumes excitation reversal for

excitation voltages < 1000 mV. Assumption does not include

bridge resistor errors and sensor and measurement noise.

11

Estimated accuracy,

∆

X (where X is value returned from

measurement with

Multiplier

=1,

Offset

= 0):

BRHalf()

Instruction:

∆

X=

∆

V

1/

V

X

.

BRFull()

Instruction

:

∆

X = 1000 x

∆

V

1/

V

X

, expressed as mV•V

‐

1

.

Note

∆

V

1

is calculated from the ratiometric measurement

accuracy. See manual section

Resistance Measurements

(p.

295

)

for more information.

12

Offset definitions:

Offset = 1.5 x Basic Res + 1.0 μV (for DIFF measurement w/

input reversal)

Offset = 3 x Basic Res + 2.0 μV (for DIFF measurement w/o

input reversal)

Offset = 3 x Basic Res + 3.0 μV (for SE measurement)

Note

Excitation reversal reduces offsets by a factor of two.

6.0

PULSE COUNTERS (P 1–2)

6.0.1

Two inputs individually selectable for switch closure, high

frequency pulse, or low

‐

level ac. Independent 24

‐

bit counters

for each input.

6.1

MAXIMUM COUNTS PER SCAN: 16.7 x 10

6

6.2

SWITCH

‐

CLOSURE MODE:

Minimum Switch Closed Time: 5 ms

Minimum Switch Open Time: 6 ms

Max. Bounce Time: 1 ms open without being counted

6.3

HIGH

‐

FREQUENCY PULSE MODE:

Maximum

‐

Input Frequency: 250 kHz

Maximum

‐

Input Voltage: ±20 V

Voltage Thresholds: Count upon transition from below 0.9 V to

above 2.2 V after input filter with 1.2

μ

s time constant.

6.4

LOW

‐

LEVEL AC MODE: Internal ac coupling removes dc offsets

up to ±0.5 Vdc.

Input Hysteresis: 12 mV RMS @ 1 Hz

Maximum ac

‐

Input Voltage: ±20 V

Minimum ac

‐

Input Voltage:

Sine wave (mV RMS)

Range (Hz)

20

200

2000

5000

1.0 to 20

0.5 to 200

0.3 to 10,000

0.3 to 20,000

7.0

DIGITAL I/O PORTS (C 1

‐

8)

7.0.1

Eight ports software selectable as binary inputs or control

outputs. Provide on/off, pulse width modulation, edge timing,

subroutine interrupts / wake up, switch

‐

closure pulse counting,

high

‐

frequency pulse counting, asynchronous communications

(UARTs), and SDI

‐

12 communications. SDM communications

are also supported.

7.0

DIGITAL I/O PORTS (C 1

‐

8)

7.0.1

Eight ports software selectable as binary inputs or control

outputs. Provide on/off, pulse width modulation, edge timing,

subroutine interrupts / wake up, switch

‐

closure pulse counting,

high

‐

frequency pulse counting, asynchronous communications

(UARTs), and SDI

‐

12 communications. SDM communications are

also supported.

7.1

LOW FREQUENCY MODE MAX: <1 kHz

7.2

HIGH FREQUENCY MODE MAX: 400 kHz

7.3

SWITCH

‐

CLOSURE FREQUENCY MAX: 150 Hz

7.4

EDGE

‐

TIMING RESOLUTION:

7.5

OUTPUT VOLTAGES (no load): high 5.0 V ±0.1 V; low < 0.1 V

7.6

OUTPUT RESISTANCE: 330

Ω

7.7

INPUT STATE: high 3.8 to 16 V; low

‐

8.0 to 1.2 V

7.8

INPUT HYSTERISIS: 1.4 V

7.9

INPUT RESISTANCE:

100 k

Ω

with inputs < 6.2 Vdc

220

Ω

with inputs

≥

6.2 Vdc

7.10

SERIAL DEVICE / RS

‐

232 SUPPORT: 0 to 5 Vdc UART

7.12

SWITCHED 12 Vdc (SW

‐

12)

One independent 12 Vdc unregulated terminal switched on and

off under program control. Thermal fuse hold current = 900 mA

at 20°C, 650 mA at 50°C, and 360 mA at 85°C.

8.0

CE COMPLIANCE

8.1

STANDARD(S) TO WHICH CONFORMITY IS DECLARED:

IEC61326:2002

9.0

COMMUNICATION

9.1

RS

‐

232 PORTS:

DCE nine

‐

pin: (not electrically isolated) for computer connection

or connection of modems not manufactured by Campbell

Scientific.

COM1 to COM4: four independent Tx/Rx pairs on control ports

(non

‐

isolated); 0 to 5 Vdc UART

Baud Rate: selectable from 300 bps to 115.2 kbps.

Default Format: eight data bits; one stop bits; no parity.

Optional Formats: seven data bits; two stop bits; odd, even

parity.

9.2

CS I/O PORT: Interface with telecommunications peripherals

manufactured by Campbell Scientific.

9.3

SDI

‐

12: Digital control ports C1, C3, C5, C7 are individually

configurable and meet SDI

‐

12 Standard v. 1.3 for datalogger

mode. Up to ten SDI

‐

12 sensors are supported per port.

9.4

‐‐

30

PERIPHERAL PORT: 40

‐

pin interface for attaching CompactFlash

or Ethernet peripherals.

9.5

PROTOCOLS SUPPORTED: PakBus, AES

‐

128 Encrypted PakBus,

Modbus, DNP3, FTP, HTTP, XML, HTML, POP3, SMTP, Telnet,

NTCIP, NTP, Web API, SDI

‐

12, SDM.

10.0

SYSTEM

10.1

PROCESSOR: Renesas H8S 2322 (16

‐

bit CPU with 32

‐

bit internal

core running at 7.3 MHz)

10.2

MEMORY: 2 MB of flash for operating system; 4 MB of battery

‐

backed SRAM for CPU usage, program storage, and final data

storage.

10.3

REAL

‐

TIME CLOCK ACCURACY: ±3 min. per year. Correction via

GPS optional.

10.4

RTC CLOCK RESOLUTION: 10 ms

11.0

SYSTEM POWER REQUIREMENTS

11.1

VOLTAGE: 9.6 to 16 Vdc

11.2

‐‐

8 10

INTERNAL BATTERY: 1200 mAhr lithium battery for clock and

SRAM backup. Typically provides three years of back

‐

up.

11.3

EXTERNAL BATTERIES: Optional 12 Vdc nominal alkaline and

rechargeable available. Power connection is reverse polarity

protected.

11.4

TYPICAL CURRENT DRAIN at 12 Vdc:

Sleep Mode: 0.7 mA typical; 0.9 mA maximum

1 Hz Sample Rate (one fast SE meas.) mA

100 Hz Sample Rate (one fast SE meas.): 16 mA

100 Hz Sample Rate (one fast SE meas. with RS

‐

232

communications): 28 mA

Active external keyboard display adds 7 mA (100 mA with

backlight on).

12.0

PHYSICAL

12.1

DIMENSIONS: 239 x 102 x 61 mm (9.4 x 4.0 x 2.4 in.) ; additional

clearance required for cables and leads.

12.2

MASS / WEIGHT: 1.0 kg / 2.1 lbs

13.0

WARRANTY

13.1

Warranty is stated in the published price list and in opening

pages of this and other user manuals.

Campbell Scientific CR1000KD CR1000 Measurement and Control System - Page 79

CR1000 Specifications - cr1000 datalogger price

Page 79 highlights

Section	Page
Revision and Copyright Information	1
Warranty	3
Assistance	5
Table of Contents	7
Section 1. Introduction	27
1.1 HELLO	27
1.2 Typography	27
Section 2. Cautionary Statements	29
Section 3. Initial Inspection	31
Section 4. Quickstart Tutorial	33
4.1 Primer – CR1000 Data-Acquisition	33
4.1.1 Components of a Data-Acquisition System	33
4.1.1.1 Sensors	33
4.1.1.2 Datalogger	33
4.1.1.3 Data Retrieval	33
4.1.2 CR1000 Module and Power Supply	34
4.1.2.1 Wiring Panel	34
4.1.2.2 Power Supply	35
4.1.2.3 Backup Battery	35
4.1.3 Sensors	36
4.1.3.1 Analog Sensors	36
4.1.3.2 Bridge Sensors	37
4.1.3.2.1 Voltage Excitation	37
4.1.3.3 Pulse Sensors	38
4.1.3.3.1 Pulses Measured	39
4.1.3.3.2 Pulse-Input Channels	39
4.1.3.3.3 Pulse Sensor Wiring	39
4.1.3.4 RS-232 Sensors	40
4.1.4 Digital I/O Ports	41
4.1.5 SDM Channels	42
4.1.6 Input Expansion Modules	42
4.2 Hands-On: Measuring a Thermocouple	42
4.2.1 What You Will Need	43
4.2.2 Hardware Setup	43
4.2.2.1 External Power Supply	43
4.2.3 PC200W Software Setup	44
4.2.4 Write Program with Short Cut	46
4.2.4.1 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 1 to 6)	46
4.2.4.2 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 7 to 9)	47
4.2.4.3 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 10 to 11)	48
4.2.4.4 Procedure: (Short Cut Steps 12 to 16)	49
4.2.4.5 Procedure: (Short Cut Step 17 to 18)	50
4.2.5 Send Program and Collect Data	51
4.2.5.1 Procedure: (PC200W Step 1)	51
4.2.5.2 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 2 to 4)	51
4.2.5.3 Procedure: (PC200W Step 5)	52
4.2.5.4 Procedure: (PC200W Step 6)	53
4.2.5.5 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 7 to 9)	53
4.2.5.6 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 10 to 11)	54
4.2.5.7 Procedure: (PC200W Steps 12 to 13)	55
Section 5. System Overview	57
5.1 CR1000 Datalogger	58
5.1.1 Clock	59
5.1.2 Sensor Support	59
5.1.3 CR1000 Wiring Panel	60
5.1.3.1 Measurement Inputs	60
5.1.3.2 Voltage Outputs	61
5.1.3.3 Grounding Terminals	62
5.1.3.4 Power Terminals	62
5.1.3.4.1 Power In	62
5.1.3.4.2 Power Out	62
5.1.3.5 Communications Ports	63
5.1.4 CR1000KD Keyboard Display	63
5.1.5 Power Requirements	64
5.1.6 Programming	65
5.1.6.1 Operating System and Settings	65
5.1.6.2 User Programming	66
5.1.7 Memory and Final Data Storage	66
5.1.8 Data Retrieval	67
5.1.8.1 Via Telecommunications	67
5.1.8.2 Via Mass-Storage Device	67
5.1.8.3 Via CF Card	68
5.1.8.4 Data File-Formats in CR1000 Memory	68
5.1.8.5 Data Format on Computer	68
5.1.9 Communications	68
5.1.9.1 PakBus	69
5.1.9.2 Modbus	69
5.1.9.3 DNP3 Communication	69
5.1.9.4 Keyboard Display	70
5.1.9.4.1 Custom Menus	70
5.1.10 Security	70
5.1.10.1 Vulnerabilities	71
5.1.10.2 Pass-code Lockout	72
5.1.10.2.1 Security By-Pass	74
5.1.10.3 Passwords	74
5.1.10.3.1 .csipasswd	74
5.1.10.3.2 PakBus Instructions	74
5.1.10.3.3 IS Instructions	74
5.1.10.3.4 Settings	75
5.1.10.4 File Encryption	75
5.1.10.5 Communications Encryption	75
5.1.10.6 Hiding Files	75
5.1.10.7 Signatures	75
5.1.11 Maintenance	76
5.1.11.1 Protection from Water	76
5.1.11.2 Protection from Voltage Transients	76
5.1.11.3 Calibration	76
5.1.11.4 Internal Battery	76
5.2 Datalogger Support Software	77
Section 6. CR1000 Specifications	79
Section 7. Installation	81
7.1 Moisture Protection	81
7.2 Temperature Range	81
7.3 Enclosures	81
7.4 Power Sources	82
7.4.1 CR1000 Power Requirement	83
7.4.2 Calculating Power Consumption	83
7.4.3 Power Supplies	83
7.4.3.1 External Batteries	83
7.4.4 Vehicle Power Connections	83
7.4.5 Powering Sensors and Devices	84
7.4.5.1 Switched Voltage Excitation	85
7.4.5.2 Continuous Regulated (5 Volt)	85
7.4.5.3 Continuous Unregulated (Nominal 12 Volt)	86
7.4.5.4 Switched Unregulated (Nominal 12 Volt)	86
7.5 Grounding	86
7.5.1 ESD Protection	86
7.5.1.1 Lightning Protection	88
7.5.2 Single-Ended Measurement Reference	89
7.5.3 Ground Potential Differences	90
7.5.3.1 Soil Temperature Thermocouple	90
7.5.3.2 External Signal Conditioner	90
7.5.4 Ground Looping in Ionic Measurements	91
7.6 CR1000 Configuration	92
7.6.1 Device Configuration Utility	92
7.6.2 Sending the Operating System	93
7.6.2.1 Sending OS with DevConfig	94
7.6.2.2 Sending OS with Program Send	95
7.6.2.3 Sending OS with External Memory	96
7.6.3 Settings	96
7.6.3.1 Settings via DevConfig	96
7.6.3.1.1 Deployment Tab	98
7.6.3.1.2 Logger Control Tab	102
7.6.3.2 Settings via CRBasic	103
7.6.3.3 Durable Settings	103
7.6.3.3.1 \	104
7.6.3.3.2 Default.cr1 File	106
7.6.3.4 Program Run Priorities	106
7.6.3.5 Network Planner	107
7.6.3.5.1 Overview	107
7.6.3.5.2 Basics	108
7.7 Programming	108
7.7.1 Writing and Editing Programs	109
7.7.1.1 Short Cut Editor and Program Generator	109
7.7.1.2 CRBasic Editor	109
7.7.1.2.1 Inserting Comments into Program	110
7.7.2 Sending Programs	110
7.7.2.1 Preserving Data at Program Send	110
7.7.3 Syntax	112
7.7.3.1 Numerical Formats	112
7.7.3.2 Structure	112
7.7.3.3 Command Line	114
7.7.3.3.1 Multiple Statements on One Line	115
7.7.3.3.2 One Statement on Multiple Lines	115
7.7.3.4 Single-Line Declarations	115
7.7.3.4.1 Variables	115
7.7.3.4.2 Constants	122
7.7.3.4.3 Alias and Unit Declarations	124
7.7.3.5 Declared Sequences	125
7.7.3.5.1 Data Tables	125
7.7.3.5.2 Subroutines	132
7.7.3.5.3 Incidental Sequences	132
7.7.3.6 Execution and Task Priority	132
7.7.3.6.1 Pipeline Mode	133
7.7.3.6.2 Sequential Mode	134
7.7.3.7 Execution Timing	135
7.7.3.7.1 Scan() / NextScan	136
7.7.3.7.2 SlowSequence / EndSequence	137
7.7.3.7.3 SubScan() / NextSubScan	137
7.7.3.7.4 Scan Priorities in Sequential Mode	137
7.7.3.8 Instructions	139
7.7.3.8.1 Measurement and Data-Storage Processing	139
7.7.3.8.2 Argument Types	140
7.7.3.8.3 Names in Arguments	140
7.7.3.8.4 Expressions in Arguments	141
7.7.3.8.5 Arrays of Multipliers and Offsets	141
7.7.3.9 Expressions	142
7.7.3.9.1 Floating-Point Arithmetic	142
7.7.3.9.2 Mathematical Operations	143
7.7.3.9.3 Expressions with Numeric Data Types	143
7.7.3.9.4 Logical Expressions	145
7.7.3.9.5 String Expressions	147
7.7.3.10 Program Access to Data Tables	148
7.7.3.11 System Signatures	150
7.7.4 Tips	150
7.7.4.1 Use of Variable Arrays to Conserve Code Space	150
7.7.4.2 Use of Move() to Conserve Code Space	150
7.8 Programming Resource Library	151
7.8.1 Calibration Using FieldCal() and FieldCalStrain()	151
7.8.1.1 CAL Files	151
7.8.1.2 CRBasic Programming	151
7.8.1.3 Calibration Wizard Overview	152
7.8.1.4 Manual Calibration Overview	152
7.8.1.4.1 Single-Point Calibrations (zero, offset, or zero basis)	152
7.8.1.4.2 Two-point Calibrations (multiplier / gain)	153
7.8.1.5 FieldCal() Demonstration Programs	153
7.8.1.5.1 Zero or Tare (Option 0)	154
7.8.1.5.2 Offset (Option 1)	155
7.8.1.5.3 Zero Basis (Option 4)	157
7.8.1.5.4 Two-Point Slope and Offset (Option 2)	159
7.8.1.5.5 Two-Point Slope Only (Option 3)	161
7.8.1.6 FieldCalStrain() Demonstration Program	162
7.8.1.6.1 Quarter-Bridge Shunt (Option 13)	165
7.8.1.6.2 Quarter-Bridge Zero (Option 10)	165
7.8.2 Information Services	166
7.8.2.1 PakBus Over TCP/IP and Callback	167
7.8.2.2 Default HTTP Web Server	167
7.8.2.3 Custom HTTP Web Server	168
7.8.2.4 FTP Server	171
7.8.2.5 FTP Client	171
7.8.2.6 Telnet	171
7.8.2.7 SNMP	171
7.8.2.8 Ping	171
7.8.2.9 Micro-Serial Server	172
7.8.2.10 Modbus TCP/IP	172
7.8.2.11 DHCP	172
7.8.2.12 DNS	172
7.8.2.13 SMTP	172
7.8.3 SDI-12 Sensor Support	172
7.8.3.1 SDI-12 Transparent Mode	173
7.8.3.1.1 SDI-12 Transparent Mode Commands	174
7.8.3.2 SDI-12 Programmed Modes	177
7.8.3.2.1 SDI-12 Recorder Mode	177
7.8.3.2.2 SDI-12 Sensor Mode	184
7.8.3.3 SDI-12 Power Considerations	185
7.8.4 Subroutines	187
7.8.5 Wind Vector	188
7.8.5.1 OutputOpt Parameters	188
7.8.5.2 Wind Vector Processing	189
7.8.5.2.1 Measured Raw Data	190
7.8.5.2.2 Calculations	190
7.8.6 Custom Menus	193
7.8.7 Conditional Compilation	198
7.8.8 Serial I/O	200
7.8.8.1 Introduction	201
7.8.8.2 I/O Ports	202
7.8.8.3 Protocols	202
7.8.8.4 Glossary of Terms	203
7.8.8.5 CRBasic Programming	204
7.8.8.5.1 Input Instruction Set Basics	205
7.8.8.5.2 Input Programming Basics	206
7.8.8.5.3 Output Programming Basics	208
7.8.8.5.4 Translating Bytes	208
7.8.8.5.5 Memory Considerations	209
7.8.8.5.6 Demonstration Program	210
7.8.8.6 Testing Applications	211
7.8.8.6.1 Configure HyperTerminal	211
7.8.8.6.2 Create Send Text File	214
7.8.8.6.3 Create Text-Capture File	214
7.8.8.6.4 Serial Input Test Program	214
7.8.8.7 Q & A	220
7.8.9 TrigVar and DisableVar — Controlling Data Output and Processing	222
7.8.10 NSEC Data Type	223
7.8.10.1 NSEC Options	224
7.8.11 Bool8 Data Type	227
7.8.12 Faster Measurement Rates	231
7.8.12.1 Measurements from 1 Hz to 100 Hz	232
7.8.12.2 Measurement Rate: 101 to 600 Hz	233
7.8.12.2.1 SubScan() / NextSubScan Details	234
7.8.12.3 Measurement Rate: 601 to 2000 Hz	235
7.8.13 String Operations	236
7.8.13.1 String Operators	237
7.8.13.2 String Concatenation	237
7.8.13.3 String NULL Character	238
7.8.13.4 Inserting String Characters	239
7.8.13.5 Extracting String Characters	239
7.8.13.6 String Use of ASCII / ANSII Codes	239
7.8.13.7 Formatting Strings	240
7.8.13.8 Formatting String Hexadecimal Variables	240
7.8.14 Data Tables	240
7.8.15 PulseCountReset Instruction	241
7.8.16 Program Signatures	242
7.8.16.1 Text Signature	242
7.8.16.2 Binary Runtime Signature	242
7.8.16.3 Executable Code Signatures	242
7.8.17 Advanced Programming Examples	243
7.8.17.1 Miscellaneous Features	243
7.8.17.2 Running Average and Total of Rain	246
7.8.17.3 Use of Multiple Scans	246
7.8.17.4 Groundwater Pump Test	247
7.8.17.5 Scaling Array	250
7.8.17.6 Conditional Output	251
7.8.17.7 Capturing Events	252
7.8.18 PRT Measurement	253
7.8.18.1 PRT Calculation Standards	253
7.8.18.2 Measuring PT100s (100-Ohm PRTs)	257
7.8.18.2.1 Self-Heating and Resolution	257
7.8.18.2.2 PT100 in Four-Wire Half-Bridge	257
7.8.18.2.3 PT100 in Three-Wire Half-Bridge	259
7.8.18.2.4 PT100 in Four-Wire Full-Bridge	261
7.8.19 Running Average	263
7.8.20 Writing High-Frequency Data to CF	266
7.8.20.1 TableFile() with Option 64	266
7.8.20.2 TableFile() with Option 64 Replaces CardOut()	267
7.8.20.3 TableFile() with Option 64 Programming	267
7.8.20.4 Converting TOB3 Files with CardConvert	268
7.8.20.5 TableFile() with Option 64 Q & A	268
Section 8. Operation	273
8.1 Measurements	273
8.1.1 Time	273
8.1.1.1 Time Stamps	273
8.1.2 Voltage	274
8.1.2.1 Input Limits	275
8.1.2.2 Reducing Error	276
8.1.2.3 Measurement Sequence	277
8.1.2.4 Measurement Accuracy	278
8.1.2.5 Voltage Range	280
8.1.2.5.1 AutoRange	280
8.1.2.5.2 Fixed Voltage Ranges	281
8.1.2.5.3 Common Mode Null / Open Input Detect	281
8.1.2.6 Offset Voltage Compensation	282
8.1.2.6.1 Input and Excitation Reversal	282
8.1.2.6.2 Ground Reference Offset Voltage	283
8.1.2.6.3 Background Calibration	283
8.1.2.7 Integration	283
8.1.2.7.1 ac Power Line Noise Rejection	284
8.1.2.8 Signal Settling Time	286
8.1.2.8.1 Minimizing Settling Errors	287
8.1.2.8.2 Measuring the Necessary Settling Time	287
8.1.2.9 Self-Calibration	289
8.1.2.10 Time Skew Between Measurements	294
8.1.3 Resistance Measurements	295
8.1.3.1 ac Excitation	297
8.1.3.2 Accuracy of Ratiometric-Resistance Measurements	298
8.1.3.3 Strain Calculations	300
8.1.4 Thermocouple	301
8.1.4.1 Error Analysis	302
8.1.4.1.1 Panel-Temperature Error	302
8.1.4.1.2 Thermocouple Limits of Error	304
8.1.4.1.3 Thermocouple Voltage Measurement Error	305
8.1.4.1.4 Ground Looping Error	309
8.1.4.1.5 Noise Error	309
8.1.4.1.6 Thermocouple Polynomial Error	309
8.1.4.1.7 Reference-Junction Error	310
8.1.4.1.8 Thermocouple Error Summary	310
8.1.4.2 Use of External Reference Junction	311
8.1.5 Pulse	312
8.1.5.1 Pulse-Input Channels (P1 - P2)	314
8.1.5.1.1 High-frequency Pulse (P1 - P2)	315
8.1.5.1.2 Low-Level ac (P1 - P2)	315
8.1.5.1.3 Switch Closure (P1 - P2)	315
8.1.5.2 Pulse Input on Digital I/O Channels C1 - C8	315
8.1.5.2.1 High Frequency Mode	316
8.1.5.2.2 Low-Frequency Mode	316
8.1.5.3 Pulse Measurement Tips	317
8.1.5.3.1 Frequency Resolution	318
8.1.5.4 Pulse Measurement Problems	320
8.1.5.4.1 Pay Attention to Specifications	320
8.1.5.4.2 Input Filters and Signal Attenuation	320
8.1.5.4.3 Switch Bounce and NAN	322
8.1.6 Period Averaging	322
8.1.7 SDI-12 Recording	323
8.1.8 RS-232 and TTL	323
8.1.9 Field Calibration	324
8.1.10 Cabling Effects	324
8.1.10.1 Analog Sensor Cables	324
8.1.10.2 Pulse Sensors	324
8.1.10.3 RS-232 Sensors	325
8.1.10.4 SDI-12 Sensors	325
8.1.11 Synchronizing Measurements	325
8.2 Measurement and Control Peripherals	326
8.2.1 Analog-Input Expansion Modules	327
8.2.2 Pulse-Input Expansion Modules	327
8.2.3 Serial-Input Expansion Modules	327
8.2.4 Control Outputs	327
8.2.4.1 Digital I/O Ports	327
8.2.4.2 Relays and Relay Drivers	328
8.2.4.3 Component-Built Relays	328
8.2.5 Analog Control / Output Devices	329
8.2.6 TIMs	329
8.2.7 Vibrating Wire	330
8.2.8 Low-level ac	330
8.3 Memory and Final Data Storage	330
8.3.1 Storage Media	330
8.3.1.1 Data Storage	332
8.3.1.1.1 Data Table SRAM	333
8.3.1.1.2 CPU: Drive	333
8.3.1.1.3 USR: Drive	333
8.3.1.1.4 USB: Drive	334
8.3.1.1.5 CRD: Drive	334
8.3.1.1.6 Data File Formats	335
8.3.2 Memory Conservation	339
8.3.3 Memory Reset	339
8.3.3.1 Full Memory Reset	339
8.3.3.2 Program Send Reset	340
8.3.3.3 Manual Data-Table Reset	340
8.3.3.4 Formatting Drives	340
8.3.4 File Management	340
8.3.4.1 File Attributes	342
8.3.4.2 Data Preservation	343
8.3.4.3 External Memory Power-up	343
8.3.4.3.1 Creating and Editing Powerup.ini	344
8.3.4.4 File Management Q & A	347
8.3.5 File Names	347
8.3.6 File System Errors	347
8.3.7 Memory Q & A	348
8.4 Telecommunications and Data Retrieval	348
8.4.1 Hardware and Carrier Signal	349
8.4.2 Protocols	350
8.4.3 Initiating Telecommunications (Callback)	350
8.5 PakBus Overview	351
8.5.1 PakBus Addresses	351
8.5.2 Nodes: Leaf Nodes and Routers	351
8.5.2.1 Router and Leaf-Node Configuration	352
8.5.3 Linking PakBus Nodes: Neighbor Discovery	353
8.5.3.1 Hello-message (two-way exchange)	354
8.5.3.2 Beacon (one-way broadcast)	354
8.5.3.3 Hello-request (one-way broadcast)	354
8.5.3.4 Neighbor Lists	354
8.5.3.5 Adjusting Links	354
8.5.3.6 Maintaining Links	354
8.5.4 PakBus Troubleshooting	355
8.5.4.1 Link Integrity	355
8.5.4.1.1 Automatic Packet-Size Adjustment	355
8.5.4.2 Ping	356
8.5.4.3 Traffic Flow	356
8.5.5 LoggerNet Network-Map Configuration	356
8.5.6 PakBus LAN Example	357
8.5.6.1 LAN Wiring	357
8.5.6.2 LAN Setup	358
8.5.6.3 LoggerNet Setup	361
8.5.7 PakBus Encryption	363
8.6 Alternate Telecommunications	364
8.6.1 DNP3	364
8.6.1.1 Overview	364
8.6.1.2 Programming for DNP3	364
8.6.1.2.1 Declarations	364
8.6.1.2.2 CRBasic Instructions	365
8.6.1.2.3 Programming for Data-Acquisition	366
8.6.2 Modbus	367
8.6.2.1 Overview	367
8.6.2.2 Terminology	368
8.6.2.2.1 Glossary of Terms	368
8.6.2.3 Programming for Modbus	369
8.6.2.3.1 Declarations	369
8.6.2.3.2 CRBasic Instructions - Modbus	369
8.6.2.3.3 Addressing (ModbusAddr)	370
8.6.2.3.4 Supported Function Codes (Function)	370
8.6.2.3.5 Reading Inverse-Format Registers	370
8.6.2.4 Troubleshooting	370
8.6.2.5 Modbus over IP	371
8.6.2.6 Modbus tidBytes	371
8.6.2.7 Converting 16-bit to 32-bit Longs	371
8.6.3 Web Service API	372
8.6.3.1 Authentication	372
8.6.3.2 Command Syntax	373
8.6.3.3 Time Syntax	375
8.6.3.4 Data Management	375
8.6.3.4.1 BrowseSymbols Command	375
8.6.3.4.2 DataQuery Command	379
8.6.3.5 Control	385
8.6.3.5.1 SetValueEx Command	385
8.6.3.6 Clock Functions	387
8.6.3.6.1 ClockSet Command	387
8.6.3.6.2 ClockCheck Command	389
8.6.3.7 Files Management	391
8.6.3.7.1 Sending a File to a Datalogger	391
8.6.3.7.2 FileControl Command	392
8.6.3.7.3 ListFiles Command	394
8.6.3.7.4 NewestFile Command	398
8.7 Support Software	399
8.8 Using the Keyboard Display	399
8.8.1 Data Display	402
8.8.1.1 Real-Time Tables and Graphs	403
8.8.1.2 Real-Time Custom	403
8.8.1.3 Final-Storage Tables	405
8.8.2 Run/Stop Program	406
8.8.3 File Display	407
8.8.3.1 File: Edit	407
8.8.4 PCCard (CF Card) Display	409
8.8.5 Ports and Status	409
8.8.6 Settings	410
8.8.6.1 Set Time / Date	411
8.8.6.2 PakBus Settings	411
8.8.7 Configure Display	411
8.9 Program and OS File Compression	411
8.10 CF Cards & Records Number	414
Section 9. Maintenance	417
9.1 Moisture Protection	417
9.2 Replacing the Internal Battery	417
9.3 Repair	420
Section 10. Troubleshooting	423
10.1 Status Table	423
10.2 Operating Systems	423
10.3 Programming	423
10.3.1 Status Table as Debug Resource	423
10.3.1.1 CompileResults	424
10.3.1.2 SkippedScan	425
10.3.1.3 SkippedSlowScan	425
10.3.1.4 SkippedRecord	425
10.3.1.5 ProgErrors	426
10.3.1.6 MemoryFree	426
10.3.1.7 VarOutOfBounds	426
10.3.1.8 WatchdogErrors	426
10.3.1.8.1 Status Table WatchdogErrors	426
10.3.1.8.2 Watchdoginfo.txt File	427
10.3.2 Program Does Not Compile	427
10.3.3 Program Compiles / Does Not Run Correctly	427
10.3.4 NAN and ±INF	428
10.3.4.1 Measurements and NAN	428
10.3.4.1.1 Voltage Measurements	428
10.3.4.1.2 SDI-12 Measurements	428
10.3.4.2 Floating-Point Math, NAN, and ±INF	429
10.3.4.3 Data Types, NAN, and ±INF	429
10.3.4.4 Output Processing and NAN	430
10.4 Communications	431
10.4.1 RS-232	431
10.4.2 Communicating with Multiple PCs	432
10.4.3 Comms Memory Errors	432
10.4.3.1 CommsMemFree(1)	432
10.4.3.2 CommsMemFree(2)	433
10.4.3.3 CommsMemFree(3)	434
10.5 Power Supplies	435
10.5.1 Overview	435
10.5.2 Troubleshooting Power at a Glance	435
10.5.3 Diagnosis and Fix Procedures	436
10.5.3.1 Battery Test	436
10.5.3.2 Charging Regulator with Solar-Panel Test	437
10.5.3.3 Charging Regulator with Transformer Test	439
10.5.3.4 Adjusting Charging Voltage	440
10.6 Terminal Emulator	442
10.6.1 Serial Talk Through and Sniffer	445
Section 11. Glossary	447
11.1 Terms	447
11.2 Concepts	471
11.2.1 Accuracy, Precision, and Resolution	471
Appendix A. CRBasic Programming Instructions	473
A.1 Program Declarations	473
A.1.1 Variable Declarations & Modifiers	474
A.1.2 Constant Declarations	475
A.2 Data-Table Declarations	475
A.2.1 Data-Table Modifiers	475
A.2.2 Data Destinations	476
A.2.3 Final Data Storage (Output) Processing	477
A.2.3.1 Single-Source	477
A.2.3.2 Multiple-Source	478
A.3 Single Execution at Compile	479
A.4 Program Control Instructions	479
A.4.1 Common Program Controls	479
A.4.2 Advanced Program Controls	482
A.5 Measurement Instructions	483
A.5.1 Diagnostics	483
A.5.2 Voltage	484
A.5.3 Thermocouples	484
A.5.4 Resistive-Bridge Measurements	484
A.5.5 Excitation	485
A.5.6 Pulse and Frequency	485
A.5.7 Digital I/O	486
A.5.7.1 Control	486
A.5.7.2 Measurement	487
A.5.8 SDI-12	487
A.5.9 Specific Sensors	487
A.5.9.1 Wireless Sensor Network	489
A.5.10 Peripheral Device Support	490
A.6 Processing and Math Instructions	493
A.6.1 Mathematical Operators	493
A.6.2 Arithmetic Operators	493
A.6.3 Bitwise Operators	493
A.6.4 Compound-assignment operators	494
A.6.5 Logical Operators	495
A.6.6 Trigonometric Functions	496
A.6.6.1 Derived Functions	496
A.6.6.2 Intrinsic Functions	496
A.6.7 Arithmetic Functions	497
A.6.8 Integrated Processing	499
A.6.9 Spatial Processing	500
A.6.10 Other Functions	501
A.6.10.1 Histograms	501
A.7 String Functions	502
A.7.1 String Operations	502
A.7.2 String Commands	503
A.8 Clock Functions	505
A.9 Voice-Modem Instructions	507
A.10 Custom Keyboard and Display Menus	508
A.11 Serial Input / Output	509
A.12 Peer-to-Peer PakBus Communications	510
A.13 Variable Management	514
A.14 File Management	515
A.15 Data-Table Access and Management	517
A.16 Information Services	518
A.17 Modem Control	521
A.18 SCADA	521
A.19 Calibration Functions	522
A.20 Satellite Systems	523
A.20.1 Argos	523
A.20.2 GOES	524
A.20.3 OMNISAT	524
A.20.4 INMARSAT-C	525
A.21 User Defined Functions	525
Appendix B. Status Table and Settings	527
Appendix C. Serial Port Pinouts	549
C.1 CS I/O Communications Port	549
C.2 RS-232 Communications Port	549
C.2.1 Pin-Out	549
C.2.2 Power States	550
Appendix D. ASCII / ANSI Table	553
Appendix E. FP2 Data Format	557
Appendix F. Other Campbell Scientific Products	559
F.1 Sensors	559
F.1.1 Wired Sensors Types	559
F.1.2 Wireless Sensor Network	560
F.2 Sensor Input Modules	560
F.2.1 Analog Input Multiplexers	560
F.2.2 Pulse / Frequency Input Expansion Modules	561
F.2.3 Serial Input Expansion Peripherals	561
F.2.4 Vibrating-Wire Input Modules	561
F.2.5 Passive Signal Conditioners	561
F.2.5.1 Resistive Bridge TIM Modules	561
F.2.5.2 Voltage Dividers	562
F.2.5.3 Current-Shunt Modules	562
F.2.6 Terminal-Strip Covers	562
F.3 Cameras	562
F.4 Control Output Modules	563
F.4.1 Digital I/O (Control Port) Expansion	563
F.4.2 Continuous Analog Output (CAO) Modules	563
F.4.3 Relay Drivers	563
F.5 Dataloggers	563
F.6 Power Supplies	564
F.6.1 Battery / Regulator Combination	564
F.6.2 Batteries	565
F.6.3 Battery Bases	565
F.6.4 Regulators	565
F.6.5 Primary Power Sources	566
F.7 Enclosures	566
F.8 Telecommunications Products	567
F.8.1 Keyboard Display	567
F.8.2 Direct Serial Communications Devices	567
F.8.3 Ethernet Link Devices	567
F.8.4 Telephone	568
F.8.5 Private Network Radios	568
F.8.6 Satellite Transceivers	568
F.9 Data Storage Devices	568
F.10 Data Acquisition Support Software	569
F.10.1 Starter Software	569
F.10.2 Datalogger Support Software	569
F.10.2.1 LoggerNet Suite	570
F.10.3 Software Tools	571
F.10.4 Software Development Kits	571
Index	573