Cisco 7604 Configuration Guide - Page 688
Classes, Private Networks, Subnet Masks, Example 1
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IPv4 Addresses and Subnet Masks Appendix E Addresses, Protocols, and Ports Classes IP host addresses are divided into three different address classes: Class A, Class B, and Class C. Each class fixes the boundary between the network prefix and the host number at a different point within the 32-bit address. Class D addresses are reserved for multicast IP. • Class A addresses (1.xxx.xxx.xxx through 126.xxx.xxx.xxx) use only the first octet as the network prefix. • Class B addresses (128.0.xxx.xxx through 191.255.xxx.xxx) use the first two octets as the network prefix. • Class C addresses (192.0.0.xxx through 223.255.255.xxx) use the first three octets as the network prefix. Because Class A addresses have 16,777,214 host addresses, and Class B addresses 65,534 hosts, you can use subnet masking to break these huge networks into smaller subnets. Private Networks If you need large numbers of addresses on your network, and they do not need to be routed on the Internet, you can use private IP addresses that the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) recommends (see RFC 1918). The following address ranges are designated as private networks that should not be advertised: • 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 • 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 • 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255 Subnet Masks A subnet mask lets you convert a single Class A, B, or C network into multiple networks. With a subnet mask, you can create an extended network prefix that adds bits from the host number to the network prefix. For example, a Class C network prefix always consists of the first three octets of the IP address. But a Class C extended network prefix uses part of the fourth octet as well. Subnet masking is easy to understand if you use binary notation instead of dotted decimal. The bits in the subnet mask have a one-to-one correspondence with the Internet address: • The bits are set to 1 if the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the extended network prefix. • The bits are set to 0 if the bit is part of the host number. Example 1: If you have the Class B address 129.10.0.0 and you want to use the entire third octet as part of the extended network prefix instead of the host number, you must specify a subnet mask of 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000. This subnet mask converts the Class B address into the equivalent of a Class C address, where the host number consists of the last octet only. Example 2: If you want to use only part of the third octet for the extended network prefix, then you must specify a subnet mask like 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000, which uses only 5 bits of the third octet for the extended network prefix. You can write a subnet mask as a dotted-decimal mask or as a /bits ("slash bits") mask. In Example 1, for a dotted-decimal mask, you convert each binary octet into a decimal number: 255.255.255.0. For a /bits mask, you add the number of 1s: /24. In Example 2, the decimal number is 255.255.248.0 and the /bits is /21. Catalyst 6500 Series Switch and Cisco 7600 Series Router Firewall Services Module Configuration Guide using ASDM E-2 OL-20748-01