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ZyXEL ZyWALL USG 2000 User Guide - Page 882

A broadcast storm results when I turn on Device HA.

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Chapter 56 Troubleshooting • You may need to disable STP (Spanning Tree Protocol). • The master and its backups must all use the same device HA mode (either active-passive or legacy). • Configure a static IP address for each interface that you will have device HA monitor. • Configure a separate management IP address for each interface. You can use it to access the ZyWALL for management whether the ZyWALL is the master or a backup. The management IP address should be in the same subnet as the interface IP address. • Enable monitoring for the same interfaces on the master and backup ZyWALLs. • Each monitored interface must have a static IP address and be connected to the same subnet as the corresponding interface on the backup or master ZyWALL. • If you have multiple ZyWALL virtual routers on your network, use a different cluster ID to identify each virtual router. There can only be one master ZyWALL in each virtual router (same cluster ID). A broadcast storm results when I turn on Device HA. Do not connect the bridge interfaces on two ZyWALLs without device HA activated on both. Either activate device HA before connecting the bridge interfaces or disable the bridge interfaces, connect the bridge interfaces, activate device HA, and finally reactivate the bridge interfaces. I cannot get the RADIUS server to authenticate the ZyWALL's default admin account. The default admin account is always authenticated locally, regardless of the authentication method setting. (See Chapter 44 on page 723 for more information about authentication methods.) The ZyWALL fails to authentication the ext-user user accounts I configured. An external server such as AD, LDAP or RADIUS must authenticate the ext-user accounts. If the ZyWALL tries to use the local database to authenticate an extuser, the authentication attempt will always fail. (This is related to AAA servers and authentication methods, which are discussed in Chapter 44 on page 723 and Chapter 45 on page 733, respectively.) 882 ZyWALL USG 2000 User's Guide

Section	Page
ZyWALL USG 2000	1
About This User's Guide	3
Document Conventions	6
Safety Warnings	8
Contents Overview	9
Table of Contents	11
User’s Guide	31
Introducing the ZyWALL	33
1.1 Overview and Key Default Settings	33
1.2 Rack-mounted Installation	33
1.2.1 Rack-Mounted Installation Procedure	34
1.3 Front Panel	35
1.3.1 Dual Personality Interfaces	35
1.3.2 Maximizing Throughput	39
1.3.3 Front Panel LEDs	39
1.4 Management Overview	40
1.5 Starting and Stopping the ZyWALL	41
Features and Applications	43
2.1 Features	43
2.2 Applications	45
2.2.1 VPN Connectivity	46
2.2.2 SSL VPN Network Access	46
2.2.3 User-Aware Access Control	48
2.2.4 Multiple WAN Interfaces	48
2.2.5 Device HA	49
Web Configurator	51
3.1 Web Configurator Requirements	51
3.2 Web Configurator Access	51
3.3 Web Configurator Screens Overview	53
3.3.1 Title Bar	54
3.3.2 Navigation Panel	54
3.3.3 Main Window	60
3.3.4 Tables and Lists	63
Installation Setup Wizard	67
4.1 Installation Setup Wizard Screens	67
4.1.1 Internet Access Setup - WAN Interface	68
4.1.2 Internet Access: Ethernet	68
4.1.3 Internet Access: PPPoE	70
4.1.4 Internet Access: PPTP	71
4.1.5 ISP Parameters	71
4.1.6 Internet Access Setup - Second WAN Interface	73
4.1.7 Internet Access - Finish	73
4.2 Device Registration	74
Quick Setup	77
5.1 Quick Setup Overview	77
5.2 WAN Interface Quick Setup	78
5.2.1 Choose an Ethernet Interface	78
5.2.2 Select WAN Type	78
5.2.3 Configure WAN Settings	79
5.2.4 WAN and ISP Connection Settings	80
5.2.5 Quick Setup Interface Wizard: Summary	82
5.3 VPN Quick Setup	83
5.4 VPN Setup Wizard: Wizard Type	84
5.5 VPN Express Wizard - Scenario	85
5.5.1 VPN Express Wizard - Configuration	86
5.5.2 VPN Express Wizard - Summary	87
5.5.3 VPN Express Wizard - Finish	88
5.5.4 VPN Advanced Wizard - Scenario	89
5.5.5 VPN Advanced Wizard - Phase 1 Settings	90
5.5.6 VPN Advanced Wizard - Phase 2	92
5.5.7 VPN Advanced Wizard - Summary	93
5.5.8 VPN Advanced Wizard - Finish	94
Configuration Basics	95
6.1 Object-based Configuration	95
6.2 Zones, Interfaces, and Physical Ports	96
6.2.1 Interface Types	97
6.2.2 Default Interface and Zone Configuration	98
6.3 Terminology in the ZyWALL	99
6.4 Packet Flow	100
6.4.1 ZLD 2.20 Packet Flow Enhancements	100
6.4.2 Routing Table Checking Flow Enhancements	101
6.4.3 NAT Table Checking Flow	102
6.5 Feature Configuration Overview	103
6.5.1 Feature	104
6.5.2 Licensing Registration	104
6.5.3 Licensing Update	104
6.5.4 Interface	105
6.5.5 Trunks	105
6.5.6 Policy Routes	105
6.5.7 Static Routes	107
6.5.8 Zones	107
6.5.9 DDNS	107
6.5.10 NAT	107
6.5.11 HTTP Redirect	108
6.5.12 ALG	109
6.5.13 Auth. Policy	109
6.5.14 Firewall	109
6.5.15 IPSec VPN	110
6.5.16 SSL VPN	110
6.5.17 L2TP VPN	111
6.5.18 Application Patrol	111
6.5.19 Anti-Virus	112
6.5.20 IDP	112
6.5.21 ADP	112
6.5.22 Content Filter	112
6.5.23 Anti-Spam	113
6.5.24 Device HA	113
6.6 Objects	114
6.6.1 User/Group	114
6.7 System	115
6.7.1 DNS, WWW, SSH, TELNET, FTP, SNMP, Dial-in Mgmt, Vantage CNM	115
6.7.2 Logs and Reports	116
6.7.3 File Manager	116
6.7.4 Diagnostics	116
6.7.5 Shutdown	116
Tutorials	119
7.1 How to Configure Interfaces, Port Grouping, and Zones	119
7.1.1 Configure a WAN Ethernet Interface	120
7.1.2 Configure Zones	120
7.1.3 Configure Port Grouping	121
7.2 How to Configure a Cellular Interface	122
7.3 How to Configure Load Balancing	124
7.3.1 Set Up Available Bandwidth on Ethernet Interfaces	125
7.3.2 Configure the WAN Trunk	126
7.4 How to Set Up an IPSec VPN Tunnel	127
7.4.1 Set Up the VPN Gateway	128
7.4.2 Set Up the VPN Connection	129
7.4.3 Configure Security Policies for the VPN Tunnel	130
7.5 How to Configure a Hub-and-spoke IPSec VPN Without a VPN Concentrator	131
7.6 How to Configure User-aware Access Control	133
7.6.1 Set Up User Accounts	134
7.6.2 Set Up User Groups	134
7.6.3 Set Up User Authentication Using the RADIUS Server	135
7.6.4 Web Surfing Policies With Bandwidth Restrictions	137
7.6.5 Set Up MSN Policies	140
7.6.6 Set Up Firewall Rules	141
7.7 How to Use a RADIUS Server to Authenticate User Accounts based on Groups	142
7.8 How to Use Endpoint Security and Authentication Policies	144
7.8.1 Configure the Endpoint Security Objects	144
7.8.2 Configure the Authentication Policy	146
7.9 How to Configure Service Control	147
7.9.1 Allow HTTPS Administrator Access Only From the LAN	148
7.10 How to Allow Incoming H.323 Peer-to-peer Calls	150
7.10.1 Turn On the ALG	151
7.10.2 Set Up a NAT Policy For H.323	151
7.10.3 Set Up a Firewall Rule For H.323	153
7.11 How to Allow Public Access to a Web Server	154
7.11.1 Create the Address Objects	155
7.11.2 Configure NAT	155
7.11.3 Set Up a Firewall Rule	156
7.12 How to Use an IPPBX on the DMZ	157
7.12.1 Turn On the ALG	159
7.12.2 Create the Address Objects	159
7.12.3 Setup a NAT Policy for the IPPBX	160
7.12.4 Set Up a WAN to DMZ Firewall Rule for SIP	161
7.12.5 Set Up a DMZ to LAN Firewall Rule for SIP	162
7.13 How to Use Multiple Static Public WAN IP Addresses for LAN to WAN Traffic	163
7.13.1 Create the Public IP Address Range Object	163
7.13.2 Configure the Policy Route	164
7.14 How to Use Active-Passive Device HA	164
7.14.1 Before You Start	165
7.14.2 Configure Device HA on the Master ZyWALL	166
7.14.3 Configure the Backup ZyWALL	168
7.14.4 Deploy the Backup ZyWALL	170
7.14.5 Check Your Device HA Setup	170
L2TP VPN Example	171
8.1 L2TP VPN Example	171
8.2 Configuring the Default L2TP VPN Gateway Example	171
8.3 Configuring the Default L2TP VPN Connection Example	173
8.4 Configuring the L2TP VPN Settings Example	174
8.5 Configuring L2TP VPN in Windows Vista, XP, or 2000	175
8.5.1 Configuring L2TP in Windows Vista	175
8.5.2 Configuring L2TP in Windows XP	185
8.5.3 Configuring L2TP in Windows 2000	191
Technical Reference	207
Dashboard	209
9.1 Overview	209
9.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	209
9.2 The Dashboard Screen	209
9.2.1 The CPU Usage Screen	216
9.2.2 The Memory Usage Screen	217
9.2.3 The Session Usage Screen	218
9.2.4 The VPN Status Screen	219
9.2.5 The DHCP Table Screen	219
9.2.6 The Number of Login Users Screen	220
Monitor	223
10.1 Overview	223
10.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	223
10.2 The Port Statistics Screen	224
10.2.1 The Port Statistics Graph Screen	226
10.3 Interface Status Screen	227
10.4 The Traffic Statistics Screen	230
10.5 The Session Monitor Screen	233
10.6 The DDNS Status Screen	236
10.7 IP/MAC Binding Monitor	236
10.8 The Login Users Screen	238
10.9 Cellular Status Screen	239
10.10 Application Patrol Statistics	241
10.10.1 Application Patrol Statistics: General Setup	241
10.10.2 Application Patrol Statistics: Bandwidth Statistics	242
10.10.3 Application Patrol Statistics: Protocol Statistics	243
10.10.4 Application Patrol Statistics: Individual Protocol Statistics by Rule	244
10.11 The IPSec Monitor Screen	245
10.11.1 Regular Expressions in Searching IPSec SAs	247
10.12 The SSL Connection Monitor Screen	248
10.13 L2TP over IPSec Session Monitor Screen	249
10.14 The Anti-Virus Statistics Screen	250
10.15 The IDP Statistics Screen	252
10.16 The Content Filter Statistics Screen	254
10.17 Content Filter Cache Screen	255
10.18 The Anti-Spam Statistics Screen	258
10.19 The Anti-Spam Status Screen	260
10.20 Log Screen	261
Registration	265
11.1 Overview	265
11.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	265
11.1.2 What you Need to Know	265
11.2 The Registration Screen	267
11.3 The Service Screen	269
Signature Update	271
12.1 Overview	271
12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	271
12.1.2 What you Need to Know	271
12.2 The Antivirus Update Screen	272
12.3 The IDP/AppPatrol Update Screen	273
12.4 The System Protect Update Screen	275
Interfaces	277
13.1 Interface Overview	277
13.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	277
13.1.2 What You Need to Know	278
13.2 Port Grouping	280
13.2.1 Port Grouping Overview	281
13.2.2 Port Grouping Screen	281
13.3 Ethernet Summary Screen	282
13.3.1 Ethernet Edit	284
13.3.2 Object References	291
13.4 PPP Interfaces	292
13.4.1 PPP Interface Summary	293
13.4.2 PPP Interface Add or Edit	295
13.5 Cellular Configuration Screen (3G)	299
13.5.1 Cellular Add/Edit Screen	301
13.6 VLAN Interfaces	308
13.6.1 VLAN Summary Screen	310
13.6.2 VLAN Add/Edit	311
13.7 Bridge Interfaces	318
13.7.1 Bridge Summary	320
13.7.2 Bridge Add/Edit	321
13.8 Auxiliary Interface	327
13.8.1 Auxiliary Interface Overview	327
13.8.2 Auxiliary	327
13.9 Virtual Interfaces	329
13.9.1 Virtual Interfaces Add/Edit	330
13.10 Interface Technical Reference	331
Trunks	337
14.1 Overview	337
14.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	337
14.1.2 What You Need to Know	338
14.2 The Trunk Summary Screen	342
14.3 Configuring a Trunk	343
14.4 Trunk Technical Reference	345
Policy and Static Routes	347
15.1 Policy and Static Routes Overview	347
15.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	347
15.1.2 What You Need to Know	348
15.2 Policy Route Screen	350
15.2.1 Policy Route Edit Screen	353
15.3 IP Static Route Screen	357
15.3.1 Static Route Add/Edit Screen	358
15.4 Policy Routing Technical Reference	359
Routing Protocols	363
16.1 Routing Protocols Overview	363
16.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	363
16.1.2 What You Need to Know	363
16.2 The RIP Screen	364
16.3 The OSPF Screen	365
16.3.1 Configuring the OSPF Screen	369
16.3.2 OSPF Area Add/Edit Screen	372
16.3.3 Virtual Link Add/Edit Screen	373
16.4 Routing Protocol Technical Reference	374
Zones	377
17.1 Zones Overview	377
17.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	377
17.1.2 What You Need to Know	378
17.2 The Zone Screen	379
17.3 Zone Edit	380
DDNS	381
18.1 DDNS Overview	381
18.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	381
18.1.2 What You Need to Know	381
18.2 The DDNS Screen	382
18.2.1 The Dynamic DNS Add/Edit Screen	384
NAT	387
19.1 NAT Overview	387
19.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	387
19.1.2 What You Need to Know	388
19.2 The NAT Screen	388
19.2.1 The NAT Add/Edit Screen	390
19.3 NAT Technical Reference	393
HTTP Redirect	397
20.1 Overview	397
20.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	397
20.1.2 What You Need to Know	398
20.2 The HTTP Redirect Screen	399
20.2.1 The HTTP Redirect Edit Screen	400
ALG	401
21.1 ALG Overview	401
21.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	401
21.1.2 What You Need to Know	402
21.1.3 Before You Begin	405
21.2 The ALG Screen	405
21.3 ALG Technical Reference	407
IP/MAC Binding	409
22.1 IP/MAC Binding Overview	409
22.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	409
22.1.2 What You Need to Know	410
22.2 IP/MAC Binding Summary	410
22.2.1 IP/MAC Binding Edit	411
22.2.2 Static DHCP Edit	412
22.3 IP/MAC Binding Exempt List	413
Authentication Policy	415
23.1 Overview	415
23.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	415
23.1.2 What You Need to Know	416
23.2 Authentication Policy Screen	416
23.2.1 Creating/Editing an Authentication Policy	419
Firewall	423
24.1 Overview	423
24.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	423
24.1.2 What You Need to Know	424
24.1.3 Firewall Rule Example Applications	426
24.1.4 Firewall Rule Configuration Example	429
24.2 The Firewall Screen	431
24.2.1 Configuring the Firewall Screen	432
24.2.2 The Firewall Add/Edit Screen	435
24.3 The Session Limit Screen	436
24.3.1 The Session Limit Add/Edit Screen	438
IPSec VPN	441
25.1 IPSec VPN Overview	441
25.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	441
25.1.2 What You Need to Know	442
25.1.3 Before You Begin	444
25.2 The VPN Connection Screen	444
25.2.1 The VPN Connection Add/Edit (IKE) Screen	446
25.2.2 The VPN Connection Add/Edit Manual Key Screen	453
25.3 The VPN Gateway Screen	456
25.3.1 The VPN Gateway Add/Edit Screen	457
25.4 VPN Concentrator	465
25.4.1 IPSec VPN Concentrator Example	465
25.4.2 VPN Concentrator Screen	468
25.4.3 The VPN Concentrator Add/Edit Screen	468
25.5 IPSec VPN Background Information	469
SSL VPN	481
26.1 Overview	481
26.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	481
26.1.2 What You Need to Know	481
26.2 The SSL Access Privilege Screen	484
26.2.1 The SSL Access Policy Add/Edit Screen	486
26.3 The SSL Global Setting Screen	488
26.3.1 How to Upload a Custom Logo	490
26.4 Establishing an SSL VPN Connection	491
SSL User Screens	493
27.1 Overview	493
27.1.1 What You Need to Know	493
27.2 Remote User Login	494
27.3 The SSL VPN User Screens	499
27.4 Bookmarking the ZyWALL	500
27.5 Logging Out of the SSL VPN User Screens	500
SSL User Application Screens	503
28.1 SSL User Application Screens Overview	503
28.2 The Application Screen	503
SSL User File Sharing	505
29.1 Overview	505
29.1.1 What You Need to Know	505
29.2 The Main File Sharing Screen	506
29.3 Opening a File or Folder	506
29.3.1 Downloading a File	508
29.3.2 Saving a File	509
29.4 Creating a New Folder	509
29.5 Renaming a File or Folder	510
29.6 Deleting a File or Folder	510
29.7 Uploading a File	511
ZyWALL SecuExtender	513
30.1 The ZyWALL SecuExtender Icon	513
30.2 Statistics	514
30.3 View Log	515
30.4 Suspend and Resume the Connection	515
30.5 Stop the Connection	516
30.6 Uninstalling the ZyWALL SecuExtender	516
L2TP VPN	517
31.1 Overview	517
31.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	517
31.1.2 What You Need to Know	517
31.2 L2TP VPN Screen	519
Application Patrol	521
32.1 Overview	521
32.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	521
32.1.2 What You Need to Know	522
32.1.3 Application Patrol Bandwidth Management Examples	527
32.2 Application Patrol General Screen	531
32.3 Application Patrol Applications	532
32.3.1 The Application Patrol Edit Screen	533
32.3.2 The Application Patrol Policy Edit Screen	537
32.4 The Other Applications Screen	540
32.4.1 The Other Applications Add/Edit Screen	543
Anti-Virus	547
33.1 Overview	547
33.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	547
33.1.2 What You Need to Know	548
33.1.3 Before You Begin	550
33.2 Anti-Virus Summary Screen	550
33.2.1 Anti-Virus Policy Add or Edit Screen	553
33.3 Anti-Virus Black List	555
33.4 Anti-Virus Black List or White List Add/Edit	556
33.5 Anti-Virus White List	557
33.6 Signature Searching	558
33.7 Anti-Virus Technical Reference	561
IDP	563
34.1 Overview	563
34.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	563
34.1.2 What You Need To Know	563
34.1.3 Before You Begin	564
34.2 The IDP General Screen	565
34.3 Introducing IDP Profiles	567
34.3.1 Base Profiles	568
34.4 The Profile Summary Screen	569
34.5 Creating New Profiles	570
34.5.1 Procedure To Create a New Profile	570
34.6 Profiles: Packet Inspection	571
34.6.1 Profile > Group View Screen	571
34.6.2 Policy Types	574
34.6.3 IDP Service Groups	575
34.6.4 Profile > Query View Screen	576
34.6.5 Query Example	579
34.7 Introducing IDP Custom Signatures	581
34.7.1 IP Packet Header	581
34.8 Configuring Custom Signatures	582
34.8.1 Creating or Editing a Custom Signature	584
34.8.2 Custom Signature Example	590
34.8.3 Applying Custom Signatures	592
34.8.4 Verifying Custom Signatures	593
34.9 IDP Technical Reference	594
ADP	597
35.1 Overview	597
35.1.1 ADP and IDP Comparison	597
35.1.2 What You Can Do in this Chapter	597
35.1.3 What You Need To Know	597
35.1.4 Before You Begin	598
35.2 The ADP General Screen	599
35.3 The Profile Summary Screen	600
35.3.1 Base Profiles	601
35.3.2 Configuring The ADP Profile Summary Screen	601
35.3.3 Creating New ADP Profiles	602
35.3.4 Traffic Anomaly Profiles	602
35.3.5 Protocol Anomaly Profiles	605
35.3.6 Protocol Anomaly Configuration	605
35.4 ADP Technical Reference	609
Content Filtering	617
36.1 Overview	617
36.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	617
36.1.2 What You Need to Know	617
36.1.3 Before You Begin	619
36.2 Content Filter General Screen	619
36.3 Content Filter Policy Add or Edit Screen	622
36.4 Content Filter Profile Screen	624
36.5 Content Filter Categories Screen	624
36.5.1 Content Filter Blocked and Warning Messages	636
36.6 Content Filter Customization Screen	637
36.7 Content Filter Technical Reference	639
Content Filter Reports	641
37.1 Overview	641
37.2 Viewing Content Filter Reports	641
Anti-Spam	649
38.1 Overview	649
38.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	649
38.1.2 What You Need to Know	649
38.2 Before You Begin	651
38.3 The Anti-Spam General Screen	651
38.3.1 The Anti-Spam Policy Add or Edit Screen	653
38.4 The Anti-Spam Black List Screen	655
38.4.1 The Anti-Spam Black or White List Add/Edit Screen	657
38.4.2 Regular Expressions in Black or White List Entries	658
38.5 The Anti-Spam White List Screen	659
38.6 The DNSBL Screen	660
38.7 Anti-Spam Technical Reference	662
Device HA	667
39.1 Overview	667
39.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	667
39.1.2 What You Need to Know	667
39.1.3 Before You Begin	668
39.2 Device HA General	669
39.3 The Active-Passive Mode Screen	670
39.3.1 Configuring Active-Passive Mode Device HA	672
39.4 Configuring an Active-Passive Mode Monitored Interface	675
39.5 The Legacy Mode Screen	677
39.6 Configuring the Legacy Mode Screen	678
39.7 Device HA Technical Reference	682
User/Group	689
40.1 Overview	689
40.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter	689
40.1.2 What You Need To Know	689
40.2 User Summary Screen	692
40.2.1 User Add/Edit Screen	692
40.3 User Group Summary Screen	695
40.3.1 Group Add/Edit Screen	696
40.4 Setting Screen	697
40.4.1 Default User Authentication Timeout Settings Edit Screens	700
40.4.2 User Aware Login Example	702
40.5 User /Group Technical Reference	703
Addresses	705
41.1 Overview	705

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Match case Limit results 1 per page

Chapter 56 Troubleshooting

ZyWALL USG 2000 User’s Guide

882

•

You may need to disable STP (Spanning Tree Protocol).

•

The master and its backups must all use the same device HA mode (either

active-passive or legacy).

•

Configure a static IP address for each interface that you will have device HA

monitor.

•

Configure a separate management IP address for each interface. You can use it

to access the ZyWALL for management whether the ZyWALL is the master or a

backup. The management IP address should be in the same subnet as the

interface IP address.

•

Enable monitoring for the same interfaces on the master and backup ZyWALLs.

•

Each monitored interface must have a static IP address and be connected to the

same subnet as the corresponding interface on the backup or master ZyWALL.

•

If you have multiple ZyWALL virtual routers on your network, use a different

cluster ID to identify each virtual router. There can only be one master ZyWALL

in each virtual router (same cluster ID).

A broadcast storm results when I turn on Device HA.

Do not connect the bridge interfaces on two ZyWALLs without device HA activated

on both. Either activate device HA before connecting the bridge interfaces or

disable the bridge interfaces, connect the bridge interfaces, activate device HA,

and finally reactivate the bridge interfaces.

I cannot get the RADIUS server to authenticate the ZyWALL‘s default admin

account.

The default

admin

account is always authenticated locally, regardless of the

authentication method setting. (See

Chapter 44 on page 723

for more information

about authentication methods.)

The ZyWALL fails to authentication the ext-user user accounts I configured.

An external server such as AD, LDAP or RADIUS must authenticate the ext-user

accounts. If the ZyWALL tries to use the local database to authenticate an

ext-

user

, the authentication attempt will always fail. (This is related to AAA servers

and authentication methods, which are discussed in

Chapter 44 on page 723

and

Chapter 45 on page 733

, respectively.)