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Tool Catalogs, Display Control

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Project Structure If you work with a building type that is fairly consistent from one project to another, or a protypical building type, you may find it advantageous to pre-define some aspects of the project structure itself. None of this is absolutely necessary and the level to which you choose to pre-define these items is completely optional. Project Structure Items That Can be Established in the Template Project: ■ Levels and Divisions ■ Constructs and Elements: In addition to defining categories and sub-categories, any actual construct or element drawings will be copied to the new project from the template project. ■ Views: If you've created constructs and elements as part of your template project structure, you can also create view drawings that reference the constructs. NOTE AutoCAD Architecture provides you with the choice to use Relative XREF Paths, which are turned on by default in the project properties. If you choose not to use relative paths and you create constructs, elements and views as part of your template project, when a new project is created, the these items will be repathed automatically according to the new project's path. Tool Catalogs The tool catalog is one of the most critical components of any office's custom content collection. It is the "central repository" for all tool-based content, which can and should include tools that provide access to styles, AEC Content, callouts, schedule tags and other miscellaneous annotation items. Because it is so central to an effective content distribution and management system, you should spend time planning its location, organization and structure. You should also take steps to protect the contents of the tool catalog from unauthorized or inadvertent modifications. If users are going to manually load the catalog into their content browser library, pathing is not critical; it simply needs to be placed in a location that all users can browse to. If you choose to automate the loading of the palette by creating a catalog install file, you need to ensure that the network location of the catalog file is accessed in the same way by all users. As with other types of network-based content, carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of both mapped network drives and UNC pathing. If you need to control the ability of users to make modifications to the tool catalog, you can store it in a read-only folder. Users will still be able to access the catalog to use the tools, however only those people with permission to write to that location will actually be able to make changes to it. Display Control The AutoCAD Architecture display control system is very flexible and powerful, and is drawing-based. Therefore your default display settings should be established in your template drawing. The templates that come with AutoCAD Architecture already have much of the work involved in setting up a display system done for you. While they may require some adjustments to conform to your office or project standards, you should, in most cases, start with the default templates and make modifications to the existing settings rather than try to create a display system from scratch. Display Hierarchy and "By Material" Display Control Display control of individual objects can occur at three levels: drawing default, style overrides and object overrides. When you define an object style you should only apply style overrides when absolutely necessary. Frequently you can use material assignments to control the display of linework and hatching components of objects. For this reason, many objects have "By Material" set as a drawing default for many of their display representations. Display Control Customization Like most aspects of AutoCAD Architecture, the display system can be customized. There are a few things that you should keep in mind before doing so, however. Best Practices for Customizing the Display System: ■ Start with one of the default templates. Creating a display system from scratch can be very laborious and time-consuming. It's better to start with a template that is relatively close to what you need and making modifications to it. Tool Catalogs | 539

Section	Page
Contents	5
Workflow and User Interface	41
Introduction	43
New Features	44
A Quick Start for Transitioning from AutoCAD to AutoCAD Architecture	50
Default Content Paths for Microsoft Windows Vista	56
Finding Help	57
Online Help Resources	57
AutoCAD Architecture Design Phases Overview	58
Autodesk Training Programs and Products	59
Autodesk Authorized Training Centers	59
Autodesk Official Training Courseware	59
Autodesk Certification	59
e-Learning	59
Contacting Autodesk	60
Sales Information	60
Technical Support	60
Feedback	60
The Workspace	61
The Workspace Concept	62
Workspace Components	62
The Menu Bar	63
Toolbars	65
Context Menus	66
Tool Palettes	67
Properties Palette	68
AutoCAD Dashboard	68
Drawing Window Status Bar	69
Command Line	70
Application Status Bar	70
Communication Center	71
Project Navigator Palette	71
Changing Workspaces	71
Working with Objects in the Workspace	72
Adding Objects	72
Modifying Objects	73
Selecting Similar Objects	74
Working with Tool Palettes	75
Opening the Tool Palettes Set	76
Controlling the Appearance of the Tool Palettes Set	77
Docking the Tool Palettes Set	77
Hiding the Tool Palettes Set	77
Adjusting the Transparency of the Tool Palettes Set	77
Renaming the Tool Palettes Set	77
Specifying Different Tool Palettes for the Tool Palettes Set	78
Creating a New Tool Palettes Set	78
Creating a New Tool Palettes Group	79
Creating a New Tool Palette	80
Defining the Appearance of Tool Palettes	80
Adding Text and Separator Lines to Tool Palettes	82
Working with Tool Palettes from a Central Location	82
Adding a Tool Palette from a Tool Catalog in the Content Browser	83
Updating a Tool Palette from a Tool Catalog in the Content Browser	84
Tools	84
Creating an Object with a Tool	85
Changing the Tool Properties	86
Changing a Tool Icon	87
Refreshing a Tool Icon	88
Creating a Tool from an Object in the Drawing	89
Copying a Tool from a Tool Palette	89
Creating a Tool from the Style Manager	89
Creating a Tool from AEC Content in DesignCenter	90
Creating a Command Tool	91
Working with Tools from a Central Location	92
Linking a Tool from a Catalog in the Content Browser	92
Updating a Tool in AutoCAD Architecture from the Content Browser	94
Updating a Tool in the Content Browser from a Linked Tool in AutoCAD Architecture	94
Removing the Link of a Tool to a Catalog in the Content Browser	95
Applying the Properties of a Tool to an Existing Object	95
Re-Importing Styles for a Tool	95
Deleting a Tool	96
The Properties Palette	96
Opening the Properties Palette	97
Setting the Appearance of the Properties Palette	97
Docking the Properties Palette	97
Hiding the Properties Palette	97
Adjusting the Transparency of the Properties Palette	97
The Design Tab	98
The Display Tab	98
The Extended Data Tab	99
Worksheets	100
Direct Editing with Grips and Dynamic Dimensions	100
Grip Tips	101
Grip Color	102
Using the CTRL Key with Grips	102
Trigger Grips	103
Dynamic Dimensions	103
Grip Constraints	105
Temporary Grip Coordinate Systems	106
In-Place Editing	106
In-Place Editing of Polyline-Based Components	107
In-Place Editing of Profile-Based Objects and Components	107
In-Place Editing of 3D Body Modifiers	109
In-Place Editing of Material Hatches	110
Aligning the UCS to an Object Face	111
Isolating Objects	112
Isolating Objects to Edit in a Section View	113
Isolating Objects to Edit in an Elevation View	113
Isolating Objects to Edit in a Plan View	114
Isolating Objects to Display	114
Isolating Objects to Hide	115
Ending the Object Isolation in a Drawing	115
Saving Isolated Objects	116
Isolating Objects in External References	116
Styles and Support Files	116
Integration of AutoCAD Architecture and AutoCAD	117
Content Browser	119
Understanding the Content Browser	120
Exploring the Content Browser	121
Viewing a Tool Catalog	121
Specifying the Number of Rows on a Content Browser Page	122
Using the Items in a Tool Catalog	123
Managing Your Catalog Library	123
Creating a New Tool Catalog	123
Creating a Tool Catalog from Content Drawings	124
Adding Tools from Content Drawings to a Tool Catalog	126
Adding an Existing Tool Catalog to Your Catalog Library	127
Creating a Catalog Install File	128
Publishing Tool Catalogs	129
Adding a Website to Your Catalog Library	130
Opening Web Pages in the Content Browser	130
Editing Tool Catalog Properties	130
Creating Catalog Types	131
Sorting Catalogs in the Library View	132
Filtering Catalogs in the Library View	132
Removing a Tool Catalog or Website Link	132
Opening a Different Catalog Library	132
Renaming a Catalog Library	133
Searching for Items in a Tool Catalog	133
Performing a Search	133
Adding Content to a Tool Catalog	134
Defining Categories in a Tool Catalog	136
Adding a Tool Palette to a Tool Catalog	137
Adding a Tool Package to a Tool Catalog	137
Adding Tools to a Tool Catalog	137
Copying and Moving Tool Palettes and Tool Packages	138
Copying and Moving Tools	139
Customizing a Tool	139
Deleting Tool Catalog Items	140
Using Tool Catalog Items in AutoCAD Architecture 2008	140
Linked and Unlinked Tool Catalog Items	140
Using a Tool in the AutoCAD Architecture Workspace	141
Copying a Tool Palette to the AutoCAD Architecture Workspace	141
Copying a Tool Package to the AutoCAD Architecture Workspace	142
Refreshing Linked Tools	143
Refreshing Linked Tool Palettes	143
Specifying Refresh Options for Linked Tool Palettes	143
Working with Multiple Content Browser Windows	144
Opening a Tool Catalog in a New Content Browser Window	144
Opening Catalog Items in a New Content Browser Window	144
Dragging Catalog Items Between Content Browser Windows	144
Starting the Content Browser from a Windows Command Prompt	145
Creating and Saving Drawings	147
About Templates	148
Creating a Drawing from a Template	148
Creating a Drawing Without a Template	149
Opening Legacy Drawings	149
Setting Up a Drawing	149
Specifying the Drawing Units	150
Specifying the Drawing Scale	151
Specifying a Layer Standard and a Layer Key Style	153
Specifying the Default Display Representations	154
Specifying AEC Options	155
Changing the AEC Editor Settings	155
Changing the AEC Content Settings	157
Specifying AEC Object Settings	157
Specifying the Display Resolution of Objects with Facets	158
Changing the AEC Project Defaults	158
Sharing Drawings with AutoCAD Users	159
Comparing Methods of Sharing Drawings	159
Generating Proxy Graphics	160
Exporting a Drawing to AutoCAD	160
Exporting a Drawing to a DXF File	162
Viewport Layer Mapping	162
Interoperability with Other Applications	165
Importing and Exporting IFC Files	166
Architectural Objects and IFC	166
How Drawing Files Are Exported to IFC	167
Drawings with External References	167
Exporting a Drawing with External References	167
Drawings without External References	168
Exporting a Drawing Without External References	169
How IFC Files Are Imported	169
Importing an IFC File	170
Importing LandXML	170
Schema Version	171
Supported Data Types	171
File Validation	173
Importing LandXML Data	174
Selecting Layer Keys for LandXML Data	175
Publishing Drawing Files to Autodesk MapGuide	176
Prerequisites	176
Published Data Types	176
Generating a MWX File	177
An Overview of the Published Data Structure	177
An Overview of the Database Structure	178
Publishing Data to Autodesk MapGuide	179
Exporting Property Set Data to an MDB	180
Publishing Drawings to DWF	180
Publishing Property Data to DWF	181
Process Overview: Publishing a DWG File with Property Set Data to DWF	183
Setting the Publishing Options	183
Creating a New Published Property List (PPL)	184
Publishing a DWF File	185
Drawing Management	189
Concepts of Drawing Management	190
Before You Begin: External References Within a Project	197
Before You Begin: Working in a Network Environment	198
Process Overview: Working in a Project Environment	198
Project Support Files	199
Working with Design Teams Located Remotely	200
Opening a Project From a Mapped Drive	200
Setting the Default Project Options	201
Creating a Sheet Set Template	202
Creating a Template from an Existing Sheet Set	203
Creating a Template from Existing Drawings	207
The Project Browser	210
Using the Project Browser	210
The Project Header	211
The Project Navigation Bar	211
The Project Selector	211
The Embedded Internet Explorer View	213
The Project Structure	213
The Project (APJ) File	213
The Default Category Structure	213
The Project Sheet Set	213
Setting a Project Current	214
Creating a New Project	214
Creating a New Project Based on a Template (Copying a Project)	214
Creating a New Project with the Structure of an Existing Project	216
Creating a New Project Without Using a Template	217
Defining the Project Properties	217
Defining General Properties	218
Adding a Project Library and Tool Palette Group	220
Setting the Detail Component and Keynote Databases for a Project	223
Configuring Project Standards Files	223
Adding Project Details	225
Consolidating Inconsistent Project and Sheet Set Information	225
Moving a Project	226
Renaming a Project	226
Closing a Project	227
Electronically Transmitting a Project	227
Deleting a Project	231
Closing the Project Browser	231
Removing the Project Context	232
Opening a Project from Windows Explorer	232
The Project Navigator	233
Opening the Project Navigator	233
The Tabs of the Project Navigator	233
The Project Tab	233
The Constructs Tab	234
The Views Tab	235
The Sheets Tab	235
Using the Project Navigator	237
The Drawing Explorer	237
The Preview and Detail Panes	238
The Context Menu	238
The Project Navigator Toolbar	240
Drag and Drop in the Project Navigator	241
The Project Status Bar	242
Displaying the Project Tool Palette Group	242
Displaying the Project Library	243
Levels	244
Creating a New Level	245
Copying a Level with Assigned Constructs	246
Changing the Properties of a Level	247
Deleting a Level	247
Changing Levels: Interactions with the Project	248
Divisions	248
Creating a New Division	249
Changing a Division	249
Deleting a Division	250
Changing Divisions: Interactions with the Project	250
Categories	250
Creating a Category in the Project Navigator	252
Creating a Category from Windows Explorer	253
Specifying the Location of Top-Level Categories	254
Redirecting Top-Level Categories	255
Changing the Subcategory of a Project File	255
Creating a File in a Subcategory	255
Changing the Category of an Existing File	256
Deleting a Category	256
Constructs	257
When to Start with Constructs	258
Processing Constructs in the Building Project	258
The Content of Constructs	259
Creating a New Construct	259
Copying Constructs to Levels	261
Converting a Legacy Drawing to a Construct	261
Converting Drawing Files by Opening and Saving	262
Converting Drawing Files from Windows Explorer	262
Opening and Closing a Construct	264
Dragging Objects into a Construct	264
Referencing Elements into Constructs	265
Attaching an Element as an External Reference to a Construct	265
Overlaying an Element as an External Reference to a Construct	266
Inserting an Element as a Block into a Construct	266
Referencing an Element into Multiple Constructs	266
Displaying External References of a Construct	267
Changing the Properties of a Construct	267
Electronically Transmitting a Construct	268
Deleting a Construct	269
Converting a Construct to an Element	270
Changing Constructs: Interactions with the Project	270
Elements	271
When to Start with Elements	272
Processing Elements in the Building Project	273
Creating a New Element	273
Converting a Legacy Drawing to an Element	274
Converting Drawing Files by Opening and Saving	275
Converting Drawing Files from Windows Explorer	275
Opening and Closing an Element	277
Dragging Objects into an Element	277
Changing the Properties of an Element	278
Electronically Transmitting an Element	278
Deleting an Element	279
Referencing an Element into Another Element	279
Displaying External References of an Element	280
Converting an Element to a Construct	281
Changing Elements: Interactions with the Project	281
Views	282
When to Start with Views	285
Process Overview: Creating a General View Drawing	286
Creating a New General View Drawing	286
Creating a View Drawing: Defining General Properties	286
Creating a View Drawing: Assigning Levels and Divisions	288
Creating a View Drawing: Selecting the Constructs	288
Displaying External References of a View Drawing	289
Opening and Closing a View Drawing	290
Creating a Specialized View Drawing	291
Changing the Properties of a View Drawing	292
Regenerating a View Drawing	293
Placing a View Drawing onto a Sheet	293
Electronically Transmitting a View Drawing	294
Deleting a View Drawing	295
Creating a Model Space View	295
Placing a Model Space View onto a Sheet	297
Changing the Properties of a Model Space View	298
Deleting Model Space Views	298
Synchronizing View Drawing Layers with Sheet View Layers	299
Process Overview: Synchronizing View Drawing Layers with Sheet View Layers	300
Postlinking a Legacy View Drawing to a Sheet View	301
Configuring an Existing Project to Synchronize View Drawing Layers with Sheet View Layers	301
Changing Views: Interactions with the Project	302
Plotting Sheets	302
When to Start with Plotting Sheets	305
Setting the Properties of the Project Sheet Set	305
Setting the Properties of a Sheet Subset	307
Creating a Sheet Subset	308
Removing a Sheet Subset	308
Creating a New Sheet	309
Importing Sheets into the Sheet Set	310
Registering the Current Sheet in the Sheet Set	311
Opening and Closing a Sheet	311
Changing the Properties of a Sheet	312
Removing a Sheet from the Sheet Set	312
Deleting a Sheet from the Project	313
Deleting a Sheet	313
Deleting a Sheet Drawing	313
Creating a New Sheet View	313
Opening a Sheet View	314
Numbering Sheet Views	314
Deleting a Sheet View	314
Displaying External References of a Sheet Drawing	315
Inserting a Sheet List	315
Changing a Sheet List	317
Updating the Sheet List	317
Refreshing the Sheet Set	317
Creating a Sheet Selection	318
Activating a Sheet Selection	318
Deleting a Sheet Selection	318
Electronically Transmitting Sheets and Sheet Sets	319
Archiving a Sheet Set	322
Publishing Sheet Sets	326
Defining the Plot Stamp Settings	326
Assigning a Plot Stamp to a Publication Set	328
Managing Page Setups	328
Publishing Sheets and Sheet Sets	329
Publishing Sheet Sets Using a Page Setup Override	331
Publishing a Sheet Set in Reverse Order	332
Changing Plotting Sheets: Interactions with the Project	332
Updating (Re-path) the Project	332
Refreshing the Project View	334
Object Display in External References	334
Using the External Display Configuration	335
Using the External Display Configuration with the Object Enabler	335
Example: Displaying Part of the Model as Background	336
Annotating a Building Project	337
Generating Spaces and Space Schedules	337
Tagging a Project	337
Property Set Data and Schedule Tables in Projects	338
Process Overview: Creating Property Sets and Schedule Tables in a Project	338
Project Schedule Properties	339
Creating a Property Set Definition with Project Property Definitions	340
Attaching Property Sets to Objects from External References	341
Creating a Schedule Table for a Project	342
Example: Numbering a Door in a Project	343
Creating a Title Block for a Project	345
Process Overview: Creating a Title Block for a Project	345
Adding Project Attributes	345
Creating a Project Block	346
Creating a Multi-View Block	346
Creating a Tool for the Title Block	347
Inserting the Title Block into a Drawing	347
Dimensioning a Project	347
Working with Cut Planes in a Project	348
Global Cut Planes	350
Global Cut Plane Display Range	350
Display Properties for the Cut Plane Display Range	351
Setting the Global Cut Plane and the Display Range	351
Using the Global Cut Plane: Displaying the Cut Plane of a Different Level	352
Using the Global Cut Plane: Creating a Clipped Model View	353
Object-Specific Cut Planes	355
Object-Specific Cut Plane Overrides	355
Example: Overriding the Cut Plane for a Wall	355
Cut Planes from the Anchoring Object	356
Example: Using the Cut Plane of the Anchoring Object	356
Manual Cut Planes	356
Running Drawing Management from the Command Line	357
Command Line: Opening the Project Browser	357
Command Line: Opening the Project Navigator	357
Command Line: Refreshing the Project	357
Command Line: Regenerating Views	358
Command Line: Selecting a New Project Environment	358
Command Line: Closing the Project Navigator	358
Frequently Asked Questions about Drawing Management	358
Appendix 1: Template Projects	360
Understanding Project Navigator	361
Levels and Divisions	362
Adding a Level to a Project Created from the Commercial Template Project	362
Deleting a Level from a Project Created from the Commercial Template Project	363
Project File Naming	363
Understanding Constructs Included in the Commercial Template Project	365
General Considerations for all Constructs	365
Terrain Construct	365
Shell Construct	365
Core Construct	366
Slab Construct	366
Interior Construct	366
Stairs Construct	366
Roof Construct	366
Column Grid Construct	366
Understanding the Element File Included in the Commercial Template Project	367
Typical Toilet Room Element	367
Understanding Views Included in the Template Project	367
Consultant Backgrounds	367
Detail Views	367
Enlarged Views	367
Floor Plan Views	368
3D Model Views	368
Reflected Ceiling Plan Views	368
Schedule Views	368
Elevation and Section Views	368
Understanding Sheets Included in the Template Project	368
Project Standards	368
Project Standards	371
Project Standards Terminology	372
Project Standards Overview	373
AEC Standards	373
AutoCAD Standards	374
Standard Tools	374
Synchronizing the Project	375
Process Overview: Using Standards in a Project	375
Using Project Standards	375
Prerequisites for Working with Project Standards	376
Setting up Standards in a Project	376
Creating a New Project with Predefined Standards	376
Configuring Project Standards	377
Setting up Standard Styles and Display Settings	377
Synchronization Options	380
Setting up Synchronization of AEC Standards	381
Setting up AutoCAD Standards	382
Copying Project Standards from Another Project	383
Enabling Project Standards for a Project	384
Generating a Project Standards Setup Report	385
Setting up Standard Tools in a Project	385
Creating a Tool Catalog for a Project	387
Creating a Project Standards Tool Catalog	387
Adding Standard Tools to a Tool Catalog	388
Adding a Project Catalog to a Content Browser Library	390
Adding a Project Library and Tool Palette Group	391
Displaying the Project Tool Palette Group	393
Building the Tool Palette Group	394
Copying the Project Tool Palettes to the Tool Palette File Location	395
Adding the Project Profile to the Tool Palette File Location	395
Adding Standards to a Project Drawing	395
Project Tool Palette Group	396
Adding Standard Styles from the Project Tool Palettes	396
Adding Standard Styles from Content Browser	396
Adding Standard Styles from Style Manager	397
Adding Standard Display Settings from Display Manager	398
Synchronizing a Project with the Standards	398
Synchronization Status	400
Synchronizing a Project with AEC Standards	401
Synchronization Exceptions	403
Synchronizing a Project Drawing with AEC Standards	403
Synchronizing Selected Styles and Display Settings with AEC Standards	404
Synchronizing Individual Styles with AEC Standards	407
Synchronizing Individual Display Settings with AEC Standards	407
Excluding Styles and Display Settings from Synchronization	408

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1,569
1,570
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1,866
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1,869
1,870
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1,895
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1,900
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1,904
1,905
1,906
1,907
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1,910
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1,913
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1,929
1,930
1,931
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1,937
1,938
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1,940
1,941
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1,981
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1,988
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1,990
1,991
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1,998
1,999
2,000
2,001
2,002
2,003
2,004
2,005
2,006
2,007
2,008
2,009
2,010
2,011
2,012
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2,142
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2,161
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2,227
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2,249
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2,251
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Match case Limit results 1 per page

Project Structure

If you work with a building type that is fairly consistent from one project to another, or a protypical building type,

you may find it advantageous to pre-define some aspects of the project structure itself. None of this is absolutely

necessary and the level to which you choose to pre-define these items is completely optional.

Project Structure Items That Can be Established in the Template Project:

■

Levels and Divisions

■

Constructs and Elements:

In addition to defining categories and sub-categories, any actual construct or element

drawings will be copied to the new project from the template project.

■

Views:

If you

’

ve created constructs and elements as part of your template project structure, you can also create

view drawings that reference the constructs.

NOTE

AutoCAD Architecture provides you with the choice to use Relative XREF Paths, which are turned on by default in the

project properties. If you choose not to use relative paths and you create constructs, elements and views as part of your

template project, when a new project is created, the these items will be repathed automatically according to the new project

’

path.

Tool Catalogs

The tool catalog is one of the most critical components of any office

’

s custom content collection. It is the

“

central

repository

”

for all tool-based content, which can and should include tools that provide access to styles, AEC Content,

callouts, schedule tags and other miscellaneous annotation items. Because it is so central to an effective content

distribution and management system, you should spend time planning its location, organization and structure. You

should also take steps to protect the contents of the tool catalog from unauthorized or inadvertent modifications.

If users are going to manually load the catalog into their content browser library, pathing is not critical; it simply needs

to be placed in a location that all users can browse to. If you choose to automate the loading of the palette by creating

a catalog install file, you need to ensure that the network location of the catalog file is accessed in the same way by all

users. As with other types of network-based content, carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of both

mapped network drives and UNC pathing.

If you need to control the ability of users to make modifications to the tool catalog, you can store it in a read-only

folder. Users will still be able to access the catalog to use the tools, however only those people with permission to write

to that location will actually be able to make changes to it.

Display Control

The AutoCAD Architecture display control system is very flexible and powerful, and is drawing-based. Therefore your

default display settings should be established in your template drawing. The templates that come with AutoCAD

Architecture already have much of the work involved in setting up a display system done for you. While they may

require some adjustments to conform to your office or project standards, you should, in most cases, start with the

default templates and make modifications to the existing settings rather than try to create a display system from scratch.

Display Hierarchy and

“

By Material

”

Display Control

Display control of individual objects can occur at three levels: drawing default, style overrides and object overrides.

When you define an object style you should only apply style overrides when absolutely necessary. Frequently you can

use material assignments to control the display of linework and hatching components of objects. For this reason, many

objects have

“

By Material

”

set as a drawing default for many of their display representations.

Display Control Customization

Like most aspects of AutoCAD Architecture, the display system can be customized. There are a few things that you

should keep in mind before doing so, however.

Best Practices for Customizing the Display System:

■

Start with one of the default templates. Creating a display system from scratch can be very laborious and

time-consuming. It

’

s better to start with a template that is relatively close to what you need and making modifications

to it.

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