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Subnet Addressing, B-2, Example of Subnetting a Class B Address

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Reference Manual for the 54 Mbps Wall-Plugged Wireless Range Extender WGX102 Subnet Addressing By looking at the addressing structures, you can see that even with a Class C address, there are a large number of hosts per network. Such a structure is an inefficient use of addresses if each end of a routed link requires a different network number. It is unlikely that the smaller office LANs would have that many devices. You can resolve this problem by using a technique known as subnet addressing. Subnet addressing allows you to split one IP network address into smaller multiple physical networks known as subnetworks. Some of the node numbers are used as a subnet number instead. A Class B address gives us 16 bits of node numbers translating to 64,000 nodes. Most organizations do not use 64,000 nodes, so there are free bits that can be reassigned. Subnet addressing makes use of those bits that are free, as shown below. Class B Network Subnet Node 7262 Figure B-2: Example of Subnetting a Class B Address A Class B address can be effectively translated into multiple Class C addresses. For example, the IP address of 172.16.0.0 is assigned, but node addresses are limited to 255 maximum, allowing eight extra bits to use as a subnet address. The IP address of 172.16.97.235 would be interpreted as IP network address 172.16, subnet number 97, and node number 235. In addition to extending the number of addresses available, subnet addressing provides other benefits. Subnet addressing allows a network manager to construct an address scheme for the network by using different subnets for other geographical locations in the network or for other departments in the organization. Although the preceding example uses the entire third octet for a subnet address, note that you are not restricted to octet boundaries in subnetting. To create more network numbers, you need only shift some bits from the host address to the network address. For instance, to partition a Class C network number (192.68.135.0) into two, you shift one bit from the host address to the network address. The new netmask (or subnet mask) is 255.255.255.128. The first subnet has network number 192.68.135.0 with hosts 192.68.135.1 to 129.68.135.126, and the second subnet has network number 192.68.135.128 with hosts 192.68.135.129 to 192.68.135.254. Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics B-5 202-10042-02 v1.1

Section	Page
Reference Manual for the 54 Mbps Wall-Plugged Wireless Range Extender WGX102	1
Product and Publication Details	3
Contents	5
Chapter 1 About This Manual	11
Audience, Scope, Conventions, and Formats	11
How to Use This Manual	12
How to Print this Manual	12
Chapter 2 Introduction	13
Key Features	13
802.11g Wireless Networking	14
Easy Installation and Management	14
Content Filtering in Router Mode	15
Maintenance and Support	15
Package Contents	15
Connectors, Reset Buttons, Ports, and Label Information	16
The WGX102 Wireless Unit	16
The Label on the Rear Panel of the WGX102	17
The WGX102 Bottom Panel	17
The XE102 Wall-Plugged Ethernet Bridge	18
The Label on the Rear Panel of the XE102	19
Chapter 3 Installing the Wireless Range Extender	21
How the Wireless Range Extender Fits in Your Network	21
Prepare to Install Your Wireless Range Extender	22
Default Factory Settings	22
First, Set Up the Powerline Network	23
Now, Add the WGX102 to Your Wireless Network	25
Plug and Play Installation	26
Custom WGX102 Setup	27
Test Your Wireless Connectivity	29
Basic Installation Troubleshooting Tips	29
Logging On to Configure the WGX102	30
Using the WGX102 Configuration Utility	32
Configuring the LAN IP Setup Options in Access Point Mode	36
Chapter 4 Powerline Network Configuration and Security	39
Understanding How the Powerline Network Password Works	39
Configuring the Powerline Network Password	40
Chapter 5 Wireless Configuration and Security	43
Observing Performance, Placement, and Range Guidelines	43
Implementing Appropriate Wireless Security	44
Wireless Data Security Options	44
Understanding Basic Wireless Settings	44
Information to Gather Before Changing Basic Wireless Settings	47
Default Factory Settings	48
Setting Up and Testing Basic Wireless Connectivity	49
WEP Security Options	51
WPA-PSK Wireless Security Options	53
Access List: Restricting Wireless Access by MAC Address	54
Chapter 6 Maintenance	57
Changing the Administrator Password	57
Viewing Access Point Status Information	58
Viewing Router Status Information	61
Viewing a List of Attached Devices	64
Configuration File Management	65
Backing Up the Configuration	65
Erasing the Configuration	66
Upgrading the Wireless Range Extender Software	66
Chapter 7 Advanced Configuration of the WGX102	69
Wireless Range Extender WGX102 Operating Modes	69
Default: Access Point Mode	70
Advanced Custom Setup: Router Mode	71
Router Mode WGX102 Internet Connection Setup	72
Router Mode Manual Internet Connection Configuration	78
Manual PPPoE Configuration	80
Manual PPTP Configuration	81
Configuring the WGX102 in Router Mode	84
Router Mode Port Triggering	85
Router Mode Port Forwarding to Local Servers	87
Adding a Custom Service	89
Local Web and FTP Server Example	89
Multiple Computers for Half Life, KALI or Quake III Example	90
Router Mode WAN Setup Options	91
Router Mode LAN IP Setup Options	92
Using the WGX102 in Router Mode as a DHCP server	95
Using Address Reservation in Router Mode	96
Router Mode Dynamic DNS	96
Router Mode Static Routes	97
Router Mode Remote Management Access	100
Router Mode Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)	101
Router Mode Content Filtering Overview	102
Router Mode Blocking Access to Internet Sites	102
Router Mode Blocking Access to Internet Services	104
Configuring a User Defined Service	105
Configuring Services Blocking by IP Address Range	106
Router Mode Scheduling When Blocking is Enforced	106
Router Mode Logs of Web Access or Attempted Web Access	107
Router Mode E-Mail Alert and Web Access Log Notifications	108
Chapter 8 Troubleshooting	111
NETGEAR Product Registration, Support, and Documentation	111
Basic Functioning	111
Power Light Not On	112
HomePlug/Internet or Wireless Port Lights Not On	112
Troubleshooting the Web Configuration Interface	112
Troubleshooting the Router Mode Only ISP Connection	113
Troubleshooting Router Mode on a TCP/IP Network Using a Ping Utility	115
Testing the LAN Path to the WGX102	115
Testing the Path from Your Computer to a Remote Device	116
Restoring the Default WGX102 Configuration and Password	117
Problems with Router Mode Only Date and Time	117
Appendix A Technical Specifications	119
Appendix B Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics	123
Related Publications	123
Basic Router Concepts	123
What is a Router?	123
Routing Information Protocol	124
IP Addresses and the Internet	124
Netmask	126
Subnet Addressing	127
Private IP Addresses	129
Single IP Address Operation Using NAT	130
MAC Addresses and Address Resolution Protocol	131
Related Documents	131
Domain Name Server	132
IP Configuration by DHCP	132
Internet Security and Firewalls	132
What is a Firewall?	133
Stateful Packet Inspection	133
Denial of Service Attack	133
Ethernet Cabling	133
Category 5 Cable Quality	134
Inside Twisted Pair Cables	135
Uplink Switches, Crossover Cables, and MDI/MDIX Switching	136
Appendix C Wireless Networking Basics	139
Wireless Networking Overview	139
Infrastructure Mode	139
Ad Hoc Mode (Peer-to-Peer Workgroup)	140
Network Name: Extended Service Set Identification (ESSID)	140
Authentication and WEP	141
802.11 Authentication	141
Open System Authentication	142
Shared Key Authentication	142
Overview of WEP Parameters	143
Key Size	144
WEP Configuration Options	145
Wireless Channels	145
WPA Wireless Security	146
How Does WPA Compare to WEP?	147
How Does WPA Compare to IEEE 802.11i?	148
What are the Key Features of WPA Security?	148
WPA Authentication: Enterprise-level User Authentication via 802.1x/EAP and RADIUS	150
WPA Data Encryption Key Management	152
Is WPA Perfect?	154
Product Support for WPA	154
Supporting a Mixture of WPA and WEP Wireless Clients is Discouraged	154
Changes to Wireless Access Points	155
Changes to Wireless Network Adapters	155
Changes to Wireless Client Programs	156
Glossary	157
List of Glossary Terms	157

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Reference Manual for the 54 Mbps Wall-Plugged Wireless Range Extender WGX102

Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics

B-5

202-10042-02 v1.1

Subnet Addressing

By looking at the addressing structures, you can see that even with a Class C address, there are a

large number of hosts per network. Such a structure is an inefficient use of addresses if each end of

a routed link requires a different network number. It is unlikely that the smaller office LANs would

have that many devices. You can resolve this problem by using a technique known as subnet

addressing.

Subnet addressing allows you to split one IP network address into smaller multiple physical

networks known as subnetworks. Some of the node numbers are used as a subnet number instead.

A Class B address gives us 16 bits of node numbers translating to 64,000 nodes. Most

organizations do not use 64,000 nodes, so there are free bits that can be reassigned. Subnet

addressing makes use of those bits that are free, as shown below.

Figure B-2:

Example of Subnetting a Class B Address

A Class B address can be effectively translated into multiple Class C addresses. For example, the

IP address of 172.16.0.0 is assigned, but node addresses are limited to 255 maximum, allowing

eight extra bits to use as a subnet address. The IP address of 172.16.97.235 would be interpreted as

IP network address 172.16, subnet number 97, and node number 235. In addition to extending

the number of addresses available, subnet addressing provides other benefits. Subnet addressing

allows a network manager to construct an address scheme for the network by using different

subnets for other geographical locations in the network or for other departments in the

organization.

Although the preceding example uses the entire third octet for a subnet address, note that you are

not restricted to octet boundaries in subnetting. To create more network numbers, you need only

shift some bits from the host address to the network address. For instance, to partition a Class C

network number (192.68.135.0) into two, you shift one bit from the host address to the network

address. The new netmask (or subnet mask) is 255.255.255.128. The first subnet has network

number 192.68.135.0 with hosts 192.68.135.1 to 129.68.135.126, and the second subnet has

network number 192.68.135.128 with hosts 192.68.135.129 to 192.68.135.254.

7262

Class B

Network

Subnet

Node