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IP Addresses and Subnetting

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P-335 Plus User's Guide APPENDIX D IP Addresses and Subnetting This appendix introduces IP addresses, IP address classes and subnet masks. You use subnet masks to subdivide a network into smaller logical networks. Introduction to IP Addresses An IP address has two parts: the network number and the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID identifies a single device on the network. An IP address is made up of four octets, written in dotted decimal notation, for example, 192.168.1.1. (An octet is an 8-digit binary number. Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.) There are several classes of IP addresses. The first network number (192 in the above example) defines the class of IP address. These are defined as follows: • Class A: 0 to 127 • Class B: 128 to 191 • Class C: 192 to 223 • Class D: 224 to 239 • Class E: 240 to 255 IP Address Classes and Hosts The class of an IP address determines the number of hosts you can have on your network. • In a class A address the first octet is the network number, and the remaining three octets are the host ID. • In a class B address the first two octets make up the network number, and the two remaining octets make up the host ID. • In a class C address the first three octets make up the network number, and the last octet is the host ID. Appendix D IP Addresses and Subnetting 201

Section	Page
User’s Guide	1
Copyright	3
Certifications	4
Safety Warnings	5
ZyXEL Limited Warranty	6
Customer Support	7
Table of Contents	9
List of Figures	17
List of Tables	21
Preface	25
1. Getting to Know Your ZyXEL Device	27
1.1 Overview	27
1.1.1 Print Server	27
1.1.2 Print Server and Router Combined	28
1.2 Good Habits for Managing Your ZyXEL Device	28
1.3 Front Panel LEDs	29
2. Introducing the Web Configurator	31
2.1 Web Configurator Overview	31
2.2 Accessing the Web Configurator	31
2.3 Resetting the ZyXEL Device	32
2.3.1 Procedure to Use the Reset Button	32
2.4 Navigating the Web Configurator	32
2.4.1 Router Mode Status	32
2.4.2 Print Server Mode Status	35
2.4.3 Navigation Panel	37
2.4.4 Summary: Bandwidth Management Monitor	39
2.4.5 Summary: DHCP Table	40
2.4.6 Summary: Packet Statistics	40
3. Connection Wizard	43
3.1 Wizard Setup	43
3.2 Connection Wizard: STEP 1: System Information	44
3.2.1 System Name	44
3.2.2 Domain Name	45
3.3 Connection Wizard: STEP 2: Internet Configuration	45
3.3.1 Ethernet Connection	46
3.3.2 PPPoE Connection	47
3.3.3 PPTP Connection	48
3.3.4 Your IP Address	49
3.3.5 WAN IP Address Assignment	50
3.3.6 IP Address and Subnet Mask	50
3.3.7 DNS Server Address Assignment	51
3.3.8 WAN IP and DNS Server Address Assignment	51
3.3.9 WAN MAC Address	53
3.4 Connection Wizard: STEP 3: Bandwidth management	54
3.5 Connection Wizard Complete	54
4. WAN	57
4.1 WAN Overview	57
4.2 WAN MAC Address	57
4.3 Internet Connection	57
4.3.1 Ethernet Encapsulation	57
4.3.2 PPPoE Encapsulation	59
4.3.3 PPTP Encapsulation	62
4.4 Advanced WAN Screen	65
5. LAN	67
5.1 LAN Overview	67
5.1.1 IP Pool Setup	67
5.1.2 System DNS Servers	67
5.2 LAN TCP/IP	67
5.2.1 Factory LAN Defaults	67
5.2.2 IP Address and Subnet Mask	68
5.2.3 Multicast	68
5.3 LAN IP Screen	68
5.4 LAN IP Alias	69
5.5 Advanced LAN Screen	70
6. DHCP Server	73
6.1 DHCP	73
6.2 DHCP Server General Screen	73
6.3 DHCP Server Advanced Screen	74
6.4 Client List Screen	75
7. Network Address Translation (NAT)	77
7.1 NAT Overview	77
7.2 Using NAT	77
7.2.1 Port Forwarding: Services and Port Numbers	77
7.2.2 Configuring Servers Behind Port Forwarding (Example)	78
7.3 General NAT Screen	78
7.4 NAT Application Screen	79
7.4.1 Game List Example	81
7.5 Trigger Port Forwarding	82
7.5.1 Trigger Port Forwarding Example	83
7.5.2 Two Points To Remember About Trigger Ports	83
7.6 NAT Advanced Screen	83
8. Dynamic DNS	87
8.1 Dynamic DNS Introduction	87
8.1.1 DynDNS Wildcard	87
8.2 Dynamic DNS Screen	87
9. Firewall	89
9.1 Introduction to Firewall	89
9.1.1 What is a Firewall?	89
9.1.2 Stateful Inspection Firewall	89
9.1.3 About the ZyXEL Device Firewall	89
9.1.4 Guidelines For Enhancing Security With Your Firewall	90
9.2 Triangle Routes	90
9.2.1 Triangle Routes and IP Alias	91
9.3 General Firewall Screen	91
9.4 Services Screen	92
10. Content Filtering	95
10.1 Introduction to Content Filtering	95
10.2 Restrict Web Features	95
10.3 Days and Times	95
10.4 Filter Screen	95
10.5 Schedule	97
10.6 Customizing Keyword Blocking URL Checking	98
10.6.1 Domain Name or IP Address URL Checking	98
10.6.2 Full Path URL Checking	98
10.6.3 File Name URL Checking	99
11. Static Route Screens	101
11.1 Static Route Overview	101
11.2 IP Static Route Screen	102
11.2.1 Static Route Setup Screen	103
12. Bandwidth Management	105
12.1 Bandwidth Management Overview	105
12.2 Application-based Bandwidth Management	105
12.3 Subnet-based Bandwidth Management	105
12.4 Application and Subnet-based Bandwidth Management	106
12.5 Bandwidth Management Priorities	107
12.6 Predefined Bandwidth Management Services	107
12.6.1 Services and Port Numbers	108
12.7 Default Bandwidth Management Classes and Priorities	110
12.8 Bandwidth Management General Configuration	111
12.9 Bandwidth Management Advanced Configuration	112
12.9.1 Rule Configuration with the Pre-defined Service	114
12.9.2 Rule Configuration with the User-defined Service	115
12.10 Bandwidth Management Monitor	116
13. Remote Management Screens	117
13.1 Remote Management Overview	117
13.1.1 Remote Management Limitations	117
13.1.2 Remote Management and NAT	118
13.1.3 System Timeout	118
13.2 WWW Screen	118
13.3 Telnet	119
13.4 Telnet Screen	120
13.5 FTP Screen	120
13.6 DNS Screen	121
14. UPnP	123
14.1 Universal Plug and Play Overview	123
14.1.1 How Do I Know If I'm Using UPnP?	123
14.1.2 NAT Traversal	123
14.1.3 Cautions with UPnP	123
14.2 UPnP and ZyXEL	124
14.3 UPnP Screen	124
14.4 Installing UPnP in Windows Example	125
14.4.1 Installing UPnP in Windows Me	125
14.4.2 Installing UPnP in Windows XP	126
14.5 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example	127
14.5.1 Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device	127
14.5.2 Web Configurator Easy Access	128
14.5.3 Web Configurator Easy Access	129
15. Print Server	131
15.1 Print Server Overview	131
15.2 ZyXEL Device Print Server	131
15.3 Print Server Screen	132
16. Print Server Driver Setup	133
16.1 Installation Requirements	133
16.2 Windows 95/98 SE/Me/2000/XP/NT 4.0	133
16.2.1 Print Server Driver Setup Wizard	134
16.2.2 Adding a New Printer	139
16.3 Macintosh OS X	143
17. System	147
17.1 System Overview	147
17.2 System General Screen	147
17.3 Time Setting Screen	148
18. Logs	151
18.1 View Log	151
18.2 Log Settings	152
19. Tools	155
19.1 Firmware Upload Screen	155
19.2 Configuration Screen	156
19.2.1 Backup Configuration	157
19.2.2 Restore Configuration	157
19.2.3 Back to Factory Defaults	158
19.3 Restart Screen	159
20. Configuration Mode	161
21. Troubleshooting	163
21.1 Problems Starting Up the ZyXEL Device	163
21.2 Problems with the LAN	163
21.3 Problems with the WAN	164
21.4 Problems with Restricted Web Pages and Keyword Blocking	164
21.5 Problems with the Password	165
21.6 Problems with the Print Server	165
21.7 Problems with Remote Management	166
21.8 Problems Accessing the ZyXEL Device	166
21.8.1 Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions	166
21.8.1.1 Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers	167
21.8.1.2 JavaScripts	170
21.8.1.3 Java Permissions	172
21.8.2 ActiveX Controls in Internet Explorer	174
A. Product Specifications	177
B. Print Server Specifications	179
ZyXEL Device Print Server Compatible USB Printers	180
C. Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address	185
Windows 95/98/Me	185
Installing Components	186
Configuring	187
Verifying Settings	188
Windows 2000/NT/XP	188
Verifying Settings	193
Macintosh OS 8/9	193
Verifying Settings	195
Macintosh OS X	195
Verifying Settings	196
Linux	196
Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE)	197
Using Configuration Files	198
Verifying Settings	200
D. IP Addresses and Subnetting	201
Introduction to IP Addresses	201
IP Address Classes and Hosts	201
Subnet Masks	203
Subnetting	203
Example: Two Subnets	204
Example: Four Subnets	205
Example Eight Subnets	206
Subnetting With Class A and Class B Networks.	207
E. Command Interpreter	209
Accessing the Command Interpreter	209
Command Syntax	209
Command Usage	209
F. Log Descriptions	211
Log Commands	219
Configuring What You Want the ZyXEL Device to Log	219
Displaying Logs	220
Log Command Example	220
G. NetBIOS Filter Commands	221
Introduction	221
Display NetBIOS Filter Settings	221
NetBIOS Filter Configuration	222
H. Services	223
I. Wall-mounting Instructions	227
J. Internal SPTGEN	229
Internal SPTGEN Overview	229
The Configuration Text File Format	229
Internal SPTGEN File Modification - Important Points to Remember	230
Internal SPTGEN FTP Download Example	230
Internal SPTGEN FTP Upload Example	231
Example Internal SPTGEN Menus	232
Command Examples	244
Index	245
A	245
B	245
C	245
D	245
F	245
H	246
I	246
J	246
L	246
M	246
N	246
P	246
R	247
S	247
T	247
U	247
V	247
W	248

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P-335 Plus User’s Guide

Appendix D IP Addresses and Subnetting

201

PPENDIX

IP Addresses and Subnetting

This appendix introduces IP addresses, IP address classes and subnet masks. You use subnet

masks to subdivide a network into smaller logical networks.

Introduction to IP Addresses

An IP address has two parts: the network number and the host ID. Routers use the network

number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID identifies a single device on

the network.

An IP address is made up of four octets, written in dotted decimal notation, for example,

192.168.1.1. (An octet is an 8-digit binary number. Therefore, each octet has a possible range

of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.)

There are several classes of IP addresses. The first network number (192 in the above

example) defines the class of IP address. These are defined as follows:

•

Class A: 0 to 127

•

Class B: 128 to 191

•

Class C: 192 to 223

•

Class D: 224 to 239

•

Class E:

240 to 255

IP Address Classes and Hosts

The class of an IP address determines the number of hosts you can have on your network.

•

In a class A address the first octet is the network number, and the remaining three octets

are the host ID.

•

In a class B address the first two octets make up the network number, and the two

remaining octets make up the host ID.

•

In a class C address the first three octets make up the network number, and the last octet

is the host ID.