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Broadcast, NBMA Non-Broadcast Multi-Access, P2MP Point-to-MultiPoint

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In the automatic election, the router would in the first place select the highest loopback interface IP address as the router ID. If the router doesn't pre-define the loopback interfaces, it would select the highest physical interface IP address as the router ID. 3. OSPF Network Types OSPF, a dynamic routing protocol running in the network layer, would apply different working mechanism according to the features of different data link layers. There are four sorts of relationships between the working mechanism of OSPF routing protocol and network type. 1) Broadcast: When the network type is Ethernet or FDDI, OSPF protocol would broadcast the Hello, LSU and LSAck packets. For instance, the Hello packet is multicast to the other OSPF routers in the LAN and the destination address is the reserved 224.0.0.5, while the other routers forward the link state update and acknowledgement data to OSPF DR with the reserved multicast address as 224.0.0.6. In such broadcast type of network the DD and LSR packets are unicast. 2) NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multi-Access): In such type of network as frame relay, ATM or X.25, where the routers need extra configuration to find neighbors, the OSPF protocol packets are unicast. 3) P2MP (Point-to-MultiPoint): In general, P2MP type of network is converted from NBMA, where the Hello packet is multicast (224.0.0.5), LSU and LSAck packets are multicast (224.0.0.5) or unicast, DD and LSR packets are unicast. 4) P2P (Point-to-Point): When the link layer protocol is PPP or HDLC, the link always connects a pair of routers, who could generally establish an adjacency relationship after becoming valid neighbors. In this type of network, the protocol packets are multicast (224.0.0.5). Our switches are all Ethernet ones. The network type of all the interfaces defaults to Broadcast, and it also supports to be configured as P2P type that can automatically find neighbors. To ensure the communication of multi-point networking, it's not recommended to manually configure the network type of interfaces. In the following guide, we will mainly take the broadcast type of interface for example to introduce the working principle of OSPF protocol. 4. Designated Router and Backup Designated Router On broadcast networks or NBMA networks, usually there are multiple routers running OSPF protocol at the same time. If the neighbor relationship between any two routers is adjacency, the change of one router could result in the repeated forwarding of route updates and a waste of network resources. DR (Designated Router) and BDR (Backup Designated Router) defined by OSPF protocol would maintain the entire network, while the other routers only need to establish adjacency relationships with DR and BDR. DR is responsible to flood the routing information in the network to all the neighbors. When DR fails, BDR will become the new DR, which avoids network block during the DR re-election. Then a new BDR needs to be re-elected for sure, but the process would not affect the communication even though it still requires quite a long time. Once DR and BDR are determined in a network, unless they become invalid, any new routers joining or exiting would not cause re-election. As shown below, on a network of five routers, ten adjacency relations need to be established if one between every two routers, but only seven adjacencies are required if DR and BDR are introduced. To conclude, on a network of N routers, N*(N-1)/2 adjacencies are required in general, but the adjacencies required will be (N-2)*2+1 if DR and BDR are introduced. Therefore, the more routers on the network, the more significant the advantages will be. 167

Section	Page
Package Contents	12
Chapter 1 About This Guide	13
1.1 Intended Readers	13
1.2 Conventions	13
1.3 Overview of This Guide	13
Chapter 2 Introduction	18
2.1 Overview of the Switch	18
2.2 Main Features	18
2.3 Appearance Description	19
2.3.1 Front Panel	19
2.3.2 Rear Panel	21
Chapter 3 Login to the Switch	23
3.1 Login	23
3.2 Configuration	23
Chapter 4 System	25
4.1 System Info	25
4.1.1 System Summary	25
4.1.2 Device Description	27
4.1.3 System Time	28
4.1.4 Daylight Saving Time	29
4.2 User Management	30
4.2.1 User Table	30
4.2.2 User Config	30
4.3 System Tools	32
4.3.1 Boot Config	32
4.3.2 Config Restore	33
4.3.3 Config Backup	33
4.3.4 Firmware Upgrade	34
4.3.5 System Reboot	35
4.3.6 System Reset	35
4.4 Access Security	35
4.4.1 Access Control	35
4.4.2 SSL Config	37
4.4.3 SSH Config	38
Chapter 5 Stack	44
5.1 Stack Management	50
5.1.1 Stack Info	50
5.1.2 Stack Config	51
5.1.3 Switch Renumber	52
5.2 Application Example for Stack	53
Chapter 6 Switching	55
6.1 Port	55
6.1.1 Port Config	55
6.1.2 Port Mirror	56
6.1.3 Port Security	58
6.1.4 Port Isolation	60
6.2 LAG	61
6.2.1 LAG Table	62
6.2.2 Static LAG	63
6.2.3 LACP Config	64
6.3 Traffic Monitor	66
6.3.1 Traffic Summary	66
6.3.2 Traffic Statistics	68
6.4 MAC Address	70
6.4.1 Address Table	70
6.4.2 Static Address	72
6.4.3 Dynamic Address	73
6.4.4 Filtering Address	75
Chapter 7 VLAN	77
7.1 802.1Q VLAN	78
7.1.1 VLAN Config	79
7.1.2 Port Config	81
7.2 Application Example for 802.1Q VLAN	83
7.3 MAC VLAN	84
7.3.1 MAC VLAN	84
7.3.2 Port Enable	85
7.4 Application Example for MAC VLAN	86
7.5 Protocol VLAN	88
7.5.1 Protocol Group Table	88
7.5.2 Protocol Group	89
7.5.3 Protocol Template	90
7.6 Application Example for Protocol VLAN	91
7.7 VLAN VPN	93
7.7.1 VPN Config	94
7.7.2 Port Enable	94
7.7.3 VLAN Mapping	95
7.8 GVRP	97
7.9 Private VLAN	100
7.9.1 PVLAN Config	102
7.9.2 Port Config	103
7.10 Application Example for Private VLAN	104
Chapter 8 Spanning Tree	107
8.1 STP Config	112
8.1.1 STP Config	112
8.1.2 STP Summary	114
8.2 Port Config	114
8.3 MSTP Instance	116
8.3.1 Region Config	116
8.3.2 Instance Config	117
8.3.3 Instance Port Config	118
8.4 STP Security	120
8.4.1 Port Protect	120
8.4.2 TC Protect	122
8.5 Application Example for STP Function	123
Chapter 9 Multicast	127
9.1 IGMP Snooping	129
9.1.1 Snooping Config	130
9.1.2 Port Config	131
9.1.3 VLAN Config	132
9.1.4 Multicast VLAN	134
9.1.5 Querier Config	136
9.2 Application Example for Multicast VLAN	138
9.3 Multicast IP	140
9.3.1 Multicast IP Table	140
9.3.2 Static Multicast IP	140
9.4 Multicast Filter	142
9.4.1 Profile Config	142
9.4.2 Profile Binding	143
9.5 Packet Statistics	144
Chapter 10 Routing	146
10.1 Interface	146
10.2 Routing Table	149
10.3 Static Routing	149
10.4 DHCP Server	150
10.4.1 DHCP Server	156
10.4.2 Pool Setting	158
10.4.3 Manual Binding	159
10.4.4 Binding Table	159
10.4.5 Packet Statistics	160
10.5 DHCP Relay	161
10.5.1 Global Config	163
10.5.2 DHCP Server	164
10.6 Proxy ARP	165
10.7 ARP	167
10.8 RIP	168
10.8.1 Basic Config	171
10.8.2 Interface Config	173
10.8.3 RIP Database	174
10.8.4 Application Example for RIP	175
10.9 OSPF	176
10.9.1 Process	193
10.9.2 Basic	193
10.9.3 Network	196
10.9.4 Interface	197
10.9.5 Area	200
10.9.6 Area Aggregation	202
10.9.7 Virtual Link	203
10.9.8 Route Redistribution	205
10.9.9 ASBR Aggregation	206
10.9.10 Neighbor Table	207
10.9.11 Link State Database	208
10.10 VRRP	209
10.10.1 Basic Config	213
10.10.2 Advanced Config	215
10.10.3 Virtual IP Config	216
10.10.4 Track Config	217
10.10.5 Virtual Router Statistics	219
Chapter 11 Multicast Routing	221
11.1 Global Config	222
11.1.1 Global Config	222
11.1.2 Mroute Table	222
11.2 IGMP	224
11.2.1 Interface Config	228
11.2.2 Interface State	229
11.2.3 Static Multicast Config	230
11.2.4 Multicast Group Table	232
11.2.5 Profile Binding	233
11.2.6 Packet Statistics	235
11.3 PIM DM	235
11.3.1 PIM DM Interface	240
11.3.2 PIM DM Neighbor	241
11.4 PIM SM	242
11.4.1 PIM SM Interface	247
11.4.2 PIM SM Neighbor	248
11.4.3 BSR	249
11.4.4 RP	250
11.4.5 RP Mapping	251
11.4.6 RP Info	252
11.5 Static Mroute	253
11.5.1 Static Mroute Config	254
11.5.2 Static Mroute Table	255
Chapter 12 QoS	256
12.1 DiffServ	259
12.1.1 Port Priority	259
12.1.2 Schedule Mode	260
12.1.3 802.1P Priority	261
12.1.4 DSCP Priority	262
12.2 Bandwidth Control	264
12.2.1 Rate Limit	264
12.2.2 Storm Control	265
12.3 Voice VLAN	266
12.3.1 Global Config	268
12.3.2 Port Config	269
12.3.3 OUI Config	270
Chapter 13 ACL	272
13.1 Time-Range	272
13.1.1 Time-Range Summary	272
13.1.2 Time-Range Create	273
13.1.3 Holiday Config	274
13.2 ACL Config	274
13.2.1 ACL Summary	275
13.2.2 ACL Create	275
13.2.3 MAC ACL	276
13.2.4 Standard-IP ACL	276
13.2.5 Extend-IP ACL	277
13.3 Policy Config	279
13.3.1 Policy Summary	279
13.3.2 Policy Create	279
13.3.3 Action Create	280
13.4 Policy Binding	281
13.4.1 Binding Table	281
13.4.2 Port Binding	282
13.4.3 VLAN Binding	283
13.5 Application Example for ACL	284
Chapter 14 Network Security	286
14.1 IP-MAC Binding	286
14.1.1 Binding Table	286
14.1.2 Manual Binding	287
14.1.3 ARP Scanning	289
14.2 DHCP Snooping	290
14.2.1 Global Config	293
14.2.2 Port Config	295
14.3 ARP Inspection	296
14.3.1 ARP Detect	299
14.3.2 ARP Defend	300
14.3.3 ARP Statistics	301
14.4 IP Source Guard	302
14.5 DoS Defend	304
14.5.1 DoS Defend	305
14.6 802.1X	305
14.6.1 Global Config	309
14.6.2 Port Config	311
14.6.3 Radius Server	312
Chapter 15 SNMP	314
15.1 SNMP Config	316
15.1.1 Global Config	316
15.1.2 SNMP View	317
15.1.3 SNMP Group	317
15.1.4 SNMP User	319
15.1.5 SNMP Community	321
15.2 Notification	323
15.3 RMON	324
15.3.1 Statistics	325
15.3.2 History	326
15.3.3 Event	327
15.3.4 Alarm	327
Chapter 16 LLDP	330
16.1 Basic Config	333
16.1.1 Global Config	333
16.1.2 Port Config	334
16.2 Device Info	335
16.2.1 Local Info	335
16.2.2 Neighbor Info	337
16.3 Device Statistics	338
16.4 LLDP-MED	339
16.4.1 Global Config	340
16.4.2 Port Config	341
16.4.3 Local Info	343
16.4.4 Neighbor Info	344
Chapter 17 Cluster	346
17.1 NDP	347
17.1.1 Neighbor Info	347
17.1.2 NDP Summary	348
17.1.3 NDP Config	349
17.2 NTDP	350
17.2.1 Device Table	350
17.2.2 NTDP Summary	352
17.2.3 NTDP Config	353
17.3 Cluster	354
17.3.1 Cluster Summary	354
17.3.2 Cluster Config	357
17.3.3 Member Config	360
17.3.4 Cluster Topology	361
17.4 Application Example for Cluster Function	363
Chapter 18 Maintenance	365
18.1 System Monitor	365
18.1.1 CPU Monitor	365
18.1.2 Memory Monitor	366
18.2 Log	367
18.2.1 Log Table	368
18.2.2 Local Log	369
18.2.3 Remote Log	370
18.2.4 Backup Log	370
18.3 Device Diagnostics	371
18.3.1 Cable Test	371
18.3.2 Loopback	372
18.4 Network Diagnostics	373
18.4.1 Ping	373
18.4.2 Tracert	374
Chapter 19 System Maintenance via FTP	375
Appendix A: Specifications	381
Appendix B: Configuring the PCs	383
Appendix C: 802.1X Client Software	385

Match case Limit results 1 per page

In the automatic election, the router would in the first place select

the highest loopback interface IP

address

as the router ID. If the router doesn’t pre-define the loopback interfaces, it would select the

highest physical interface IP address

as the router ID.

3. OSPF Network Types

OSPF, a dynamic routing protocol running in the network layer, would apply different working

mechanism according to the features of different data link layers. There are four sorts of

relationships between the working mechanism of OSPF routing protocol and network type.

Broadcast:

When the network type is Ethernet or FDDI, OSPF protocol would broadcast the

Hello, LSU and LSAck packets. For instance, the Hello packet is multicast to the other OSPF

routers in the LAN and the destination address is the reserved 224.0.0.5, while the other

routers forward the link state update and acknowledgement data to OSPF DR with the

reserved multicast address as 224.0.0.6. In such broadcast type of network the DD and LSR

packets are unicast.

NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multi-Access):

In such type of network as frame relay, ATM or X.25,

where the routers need extra configuration to find neighbors, the OSPF protocol packets are

unicast.

P2MP (Point-to-MultiPoint):

In general, P2MP type of network is converted from NBMA,

where the Hello packet is multicast (224.0.0.5), LSU and LSAck packets are multicast

(224.0.0.5) or unicast, DD and LSR packets are unicast.

P2P (Point-to-Point):

When the link layer protocol is PPP or HDLC, the link always connects

a pair of routers, who could generally establish an adjacency relationship after becoming valid

neighbors. In this type of network, the protocol packets are multicast (224.0.0.5).

Our switches are all Ethernet ones. The network type of all the interfaces defaults to Broadcast,

and it also supports to be configured as P2P type that can automatically find neighbors. To ensure

the communication of multi-point networking, it’s not recommended to manually configure the

network type of interfaces. In the following guide, we will mainly take the broadcast type of

interface for example to introduce the working principle of OSPF protocol.

Designated Router and Backup Designated Router

On broadcast networks or NBMA networks, usually there are multiple routers running OSPF

protocol at the same time. If the neighbor relationship between any two routers is adjacency, the

change of one router could result in the repeated forwarding of route updates and a waste of

network resources.

DR (Designated Router) and BDR (Backup Designated Router) defined by OSPF protocol would

maintain the entire network, while the other routers only need to establish adjacency relationships

with DR and BDR. DR is responsible to flood the routing information in the network to all the

neighbors. When DR fails, BDR will become the new DR, which avoids network block during the

DR re-election. Then a new BDR needs to be re-elected for sure, but the process would not affect

the communication even though it still requires quite a long time. Once DR and BDR are

determined in a network, unless they become invalid, any new routers joining or exiting would not

cause re-election.

As shown below, on a network of five routers, ten adjacency relations need to be established if one

between every two routers, but only seven adjacencies are required if DR and BDR are introduced.

To conclude, on a network of N routers, N*(N-1)/2 adjacencies are required in general, but the

adjacencies required will be (N-2)*2+1 if DR and BDR are introduced. Therefore, the more routers

on the network, the more significant the advantages will be.

167