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7. Backups IRIX Backups on IRIX are supported on cartridge tape, DAT, and DLTs. Backups can also be accomplished through a network connection. While there is specialized software available to do local and remote backups, we will only be covering the standard utilities on IRIX and HP-UX. The following IRIX utilities can be used for performing backups: • System Manager backup capabilities (normally the best way to perform backups in either IRIX or HP- UX): This approach uses the cpio utility to perform the actual backup. In HP-UX, use SAM, and select Backup and Recovery to do either an interactive or automated backup. • Backup and Restore utilities: Command line front ends to the cpio utility. Also available in HP-UX. • dump/xfsdump and restore/xfsrestore: Dump and restore are standard UNIX utilities and are available in HP-UX also. In IRIX they do not work on XFS file systems. Xfsdump and xfsrestore are the equivalent commands for XFS file systems. • cpio: A standard UNIX command available in either IRIX or HP-UX. • tar: A standard UNIX command available in either IRIX or HP-UX. • dd: Not recommended as a backup strategy for either OS. HP-UX fbackup In addition to the standard UNIX utilities, HP-UX, like IRIX, has a proprietary scheme for backups. This scheme includes the fbackup and frecover commands. The basic syntax of the fbackup command is: # fbackup -f Device [-0-9] [-u] [-i path] [-e path] [-g graph] Because fbackup does not by default write to standard output, the -f option is not optional. Device can be a file, device file, or a remote device file. A remote device file takes the form machine:/dev/device_name. You can specify a hyphen (-) as the device to have fbackup write to standard output. The [0-9] option provides for incremental backups: an n level backup includes all files modified since the last n - 1 level backup. The -i, -e, and -g options provide a means of specifying which portions of a file system you want backed up. The backup command backs up either entire file systems or individual files. fbackup allows you to include a file system with the -i option and exclude portions of it with the -e option. For example: # fbackup -f /dev/rmt/Om -0 -i /usr -e /usr/tmp This command initiates a full backup to tape of the /usr file system with the exception of the /usr/tmp directory tree. You can also place your inclusion and exclusion parameters in a graph file. A graph file is a text file containing the path names of the files and directories you want either included or excluded from your backup. These path names are preceded with either an i (denoting inclusion) or an e (denoting exclusion). For example, if your graph file contains the following lines: i /usr e /usr/tmp e /usr/lib i /home e /home/guest 37

Section	Page
IRIX to HP-UX Migration Guide	1
Prepared by the Technical Computing Division	1
Hewlett-Packard Company	1
1. INTRODUCTION 1	6
1. Introduction	6
Purpose and Scope	6
System Administration	6
HP-UX and IRIX	6
2. System Startup and Shutdown	8
IRIX	8
Normal Boot	8
Single-user Boot	8
System Shutdown	9
HP-UX	9
Normal Boot	9
pdc	9
isl	9
hpux	9
Single-user Boot	10
	10
	10
	10
	10
	10
Select from menu: b p0 isl	10
ISL>hpux –is	10
Startup	11
/sbin/rc	11
Execution scripts	11
Configuration Variable Scripts	12
Link Files	12
Run Levels and /sbin/rc	13
Example	13
System Shutdown	13
Summary	14
3. User Login	15
IRIX	15
Login	15
User Attributes	15
Adding Users	15
Logout	15
HP-UX	15
User Attributes	16
Logout	16
Summary	16
4. Devices	17
IRIX	17
Introduction	17
Checking Devices	17
Device Files Directory	17
Adding Devices	18
HP-UX	18
Device Files Introduction	18
Device File Naming Conventions	19
Disks	19
Examples	19
LVM Devices	20
Physical volumes	20
Volume groups	20
Logical volumes	20
9-Track Reel Tapes and DDS/DATs	21
Examples	21
Terminals, Modems, and Printers	21
Examples	22
Major and Minor Numbers	22
Creating Device Files	23
The mksf command	24
Examples	24
The insf command	24
Examples	25
mksf v. insf	25
Modifying the Kernel in Order to Add a Device	26
Rebuilding the Kernel Manually	26
Using SAM to Rebuild the Kernel	26
Summary	27
	27
	27
IRIX File System Device Files	27
HP-UX File System Device Files	27
5. Disks and File Systems	29
Directory Structures	29
Directory	29
Directory	30
IRIX File System	30
Logical Volume Manager	30
Basic facts	30
Journaled File Systems	31
IRIX Disk Logical Volume Creation	31
IRIX Logical Volume Increase	31
HP-UX	31
Logical Volume Manager	31
Basic Facts	32
Managing Logical Volumes Using SAM	32
Managing Logical Volumes Using HP-UX Commands	32
Physical Volume Management Tasks	32
Changing the characteristics of a physical volume in a volume group	32
Volume Group Tasks	33
Task	33
Creating a Logical Volume Using HP-UX Commands	33
File Systems	34
An Introduction to VxFS	34
Creating a File System	34
Mounting file systems	35
Mounting File Systems Automatically at Bootup	36
Extending the Size of a File System Within a Logical Volume	36
Disks and File Systems: IRIX vs. HP-UX	36
6. Managing Processes	37
IRIX	37
The ps Command	37
Priorities and Nice Values	37
Signals	37
	37
	37
	37
STOP	37
Cron	38
HP-UX	38
ps, nice, and renice	38
Signals	39
Starting and Stopping Subsystems	40
Process Management Commands	41
top	41
sar	41
vmstat	41
iostat	41
Cron	41
Summary	41
7. Backups	42
IRIX	42
HP-UX	42
fbackup	42
Examples	43
frecover	43
Examples	44
HP-UX and Cartridge Tapes: tcio	44
Examples	44
Creating a Bootable System Backup	44
Interoperability Issues	45
Standard UNIX Utilities	45
Backup Utilities Comparison	45
Summary	45
8. Printers	47
The IRIX Print Spooler	47
Managing the lp System	47
Adding a Parallel or Serial Printer	47
Restarting the lpsched Daemon	48
After you have defined the appropriate parallel and/or serial printers, the lpsched daemon must be restarted. To restart the lpsched daemon:	48
Adding a Network Print Server	48
Removing a Printer	48
Changing the Default Printer	49
Managing Printing on Print Server Systems	49
Checking the Print Server Status	49
Canceling Print Server Requests	49
HP-UX Print Spooler	49
lp Spooler Tasks	49
Specifying the Printer Model File to the lp Spooler	49
Adding a Local Printer to the lp Spooler	50
Adding a Remote Printer to the lp Spooler	50
Adding a Network-Based Printer	51
Creating a Printer Class	51
Removing a Printer from the lp Spooler	52
Removing a Printer from a Printer Class	53
Removing a Printer Class	53
Stopping and Restarting the lp Spooler	54
Other Printing Tasks	55
Controlling the Flow of Print Requests	55
Enabling or Disabling a Printer	55
Controlling the Order of Printing	55
Setting Up the lp Spooler Using SAM	56
Adding a Local Printer	56
Adding a Remote Printer	57
Adding a Network-Based Printer	57
Starting and Stopping the lp Spooler	58
Determining the Status of the lp Spooler	59
Disabling a Printer	59
Enabling a Printer	59
9. Configuring TCP/IP	60
IRIX TCP/IP Networking	60
Setting the Hostname	60
	60
	60
	60
BigDog.hp.com	60
Setting the Subnet Mask	60
Configuring Anonymous FTP Access	60
	60
	60
	60
	60
An anonymous FTP account allows anyone to login to your system as an anonymous FTP user. This can pose a serious security threat and should be done only when the system administrator keeps a careful eye on all anonymous FTP activity to avoid compromising	60
HP-UX TCP/IP Networking	62
The set_parms Script	62
Networking Startup Files	62
Editing the /etc/hosts File	63
The Name Service Switch	63
Choosing a Name Service	64
Configuring Routes	64
To Set the Default Gateway Using SAM	65
Changing a Host’s IP Address	65
Configuring inetd	66
Editing the /var/adm/inetd.sec File	67
Enabling bootp and tftp	67
Start SAM:	67
Configuring rwhod	68
Configuring Logging for the Internet Services	68
syslogd	68
Configuring inetd Connection Logging	69
Configuring ftpd Logging	69
Configuring Anonymous ftp Access	69
Using SAM to Configure Anonymous ftp	71
Restricting ftp Access with /etc/ftpusers	71
Creating /etc/hosts.equiv	71
10. Domain Name Service	73
DNS Under IRIX	73
BIND Configuration Files	73
hoResolution with /etc/resolv.conf	73
Configuring the Primary BIND Server	73
Configuring the Secondary BIND Server	76
Configuring the Name Service Switch	77
DNS Under HP-UX	77
Server Data Files	77
Name Server Startup Files	77
Setting the Default Domain Name	78
Configuring a Primary Master Name Server	78
To Add a Host to the Domain Data Files	79
To Delete a Host from the Domain Data Files	79
Configuring a Secondary Master Name Server	79
Configuring a Caching-Only Name Server	80
Configuring the Resolver to Query a Remote Name Server	80
Starting the Name Server Daemon	81
Configuring the Name Service Switch	82
Default Configuration	83
The /etc/nsswitch.conf File	83
To Check the Current hosts Configuration	83
To Trace a Host Name Lookup	84
Updating Network-Related Files	84
To Update /etc/hosts.equiv and $HOME/.rhosts	84
To Update /var/adm/inetd.sec and $HOME/.netrc	85
To Update /etc/hosts	85
Configuring BIND in SAM	85
Name Server Statistics	85
1	86
11. NIS	86
NIS Under IRIX	86
Setting Up the NIS Master Server	86
Setting the Master Server’s Domain Name	86
Building the Master Maps	86
	87
	87
Name (<Enter> to exit): bigcats	87
Starting NIS on the Master Server	87
Testing the NIS Master Server	87
Setting Up NIS Slave Servers	87
Setting the Slave Server’s Domain Name	87
Binding to Another NIS Server	87
Building the Duplicate Maps	88
Starting NIS on the Slave Server	88
Testing the NIS Slave Server	89
Setting Up NIS Clients	89
Configuring NIS on the Client	89
Starting NIS on the Client	89
Testing the NIS Client	89
NIS Under HP-UX	89
NIS Maps and Commands	89
Normal System Startup	90
Configuring and Administering an NIS Master Server	91
Configuring the NIS Master Server to Use a Private passwd File	91
Configuring and Administering an NIS Slave Server	92
To Edit the Slave Server’s passwd File	92
To Enable NIS Slave Server Capability	93
To Schedule Regular Map Transfers from the NIS Master Server	94
To Add a Slave Server to Your NIS Domain	94
To Remove a Slave Server from Your NIS Domain	95
To Modify an NIS Map	95
Configuring and Administering an NIS Client	96
To Edit the NIS Client’s passwd File	96
To Edit the NIS Client’s group File	97
To Enable NIS Client Capability	97
To Bind an NIS Client to a Server on a Different Subnet	98
To Query BIND for Host Information After Querying NIS	98
12. Network File System	100
NFS on IRIX	100
Setting Up an NFS Client	100
	100
	100
	100
	100
For each NFS directory that you want to mount, add an entry to the /etc/fstab file.	100
Setting Up the Automatic Mounters	100
Setting Up a Default Automatic Mounter Environment	100
NFS on HPUX	101
Installing the NFS Services Software	101
Startup Files	101
Configuring and Administering an NFS Server	101
Exporting directories	101
To Enable NFS Server Capability	102
Unexporting Directories	102
To Disable NFS Server Capability	103
Configuring and Administering an NFS Client	104
# /sbin/init.d/nfs.client stop	106
Automounter	106
Automounter Startup Files	106
Configuring Automounter	106
To Enable the NFS Automounter	106
To Restart the Automounter	107
13. sendmail	108
sendmail Under IRIX	108
Starting the sendmail Daemon	108
Listing the sendmail Message Queue	108
Forcing the sendmail Message Queue	108
sendmail Under HP-UX	109
Installing sendmail on a Standalone System	109
Installing sendmail on a Mail Server	109
Installing sendmail on a Mail Client	110
To Configure a sendmail Client System to Access a sendmail Server:	110
Adding sendmail Aliases to the Alias Database	110
Restarting sendmail	111
Configuring a sendmail Client to Relay All Mail to a Server	111
Using SAM to Install sendmail	112
Manually Installing sendmail	112
Installing a Configuration File	112
Making sendmail Executable	113
Creating System-wide Mail Aliases	113
Invoking the sendmail Daemon	113
Stopping and Starting the sendmail Daemon	114
The Mail Queue	114
The System Log	114
14. The Desktop Environment	116
Introduction	116
The Relationship Between X, Motif, and CDE	116
The X Window System	116
Motif	116
	116
	116
	116
Mwm window manager	116
CDE	116
	116
	116
	116
Workspace Manager	116
The IRIX Desktop Environment	116
X Windows on IRIX	116
The HP-UX Desktop Environment	118
X Windows on HP-UX	118
Files and Directory Structure	118
Unsupported Clients	118
Starting X	119
Examples	120
Stopping X	120
hpterms	121
X, Motif, and CDE Configuration Files	121
X Configuration Files	121
	121
sys.x11start	121
X*screens	121
Motif Configuration Files	122
CDE Configuration Files	122
CDE Under HP-UX	122
What Happens when CDE Starts?	122
Customizing CDE	123
Adding or Removing Objects from the Front Panel	123
CONTROL NewControl	124
KEYWORD Value	124
Adding Objects to Slideup Subpanels	124
SUBPANEL SubPanelName	125

Match case Limit results 1 per page

7. Backups

IRIX

Backups on IRIX are supported on cartridge tape, DAT, and DLTs.

Backups can also be accomplished

through a network connection.

While there is specialized software available to do local and remote

backups, we will only be covering the standard utilities on IRIX and HP-UX.

The following IRIX utilities can be used for performing backups:

•

System Manager backup capabilities (normally the best way to perform backups in either IRIX or HP-

UX):

This approach uses the

cpio

utility to perform the actual backup.

In HP-UX, use SAM, and

select

Backup and Recovery

to do either an interactive or automated backup.

•

Backup and Restore utilities:

Command line front ends to the

cpio

utility.

Also available in HP-UX.

•

dump/xfsdump

and

restore/xfsrestore

Dump

and

restore

are standard UNIX utilities and are

available in HP-UX also.

In IRIX they do not work on XFS file systems.

Xfsdump

and

xfsrestore

are the equivalent commands for XFS file systems.

•

cpio:

A standard UNIX command available in either IRIX or HP-UX.

•

tar:

A standard UNIX command available in either IRIX or HP-UX.

•

dd:

Not recommended as a backup strategy for either OS.

HP-UX

fbackup

In addition to the standard UNIX utilities, HP-UX, like IRIX, has a proprietary scheme for backups. This

scheme includes the

fbackup

and

frecover

commands. The basic syntax of the

fbackup

command is:

# fbackup -f Device [-0-9] [-u] [-i path] [-e path] [-g graph]

Because

fbackup

does not by default write to standard output, the

-f

option is not optional.

Device

can be

a file, device file, or a remote device file. A remote device file takes the form

machine:/dev/device_name

You can specify a hyphen (

)

as the device to have

fbackup

write to standard output. The

[0-9]

option

provides for incremental backups: an

level backup includes all files modified since the last

- 1 level

backup.

The

-i

-e

, and

-g

options provide a means of specifying which portions of a file system you want backed

up. The

backup

command backs up either entire file systems or individual files.

fbackup

allows you to

include a file system with the

-i

option and exclude portions of it with the

-e

option. For example:

# fbackup -f /dev/rmt/Om -0 -i /usr -e /usr/tmp

This command initiates a full backup to tape of the

/usr

file system with the exception of the

/usr/tmp

directory tree. You can also place your inclusion and exclusion parameters in a graph file. A graph file is a

text file containing the path names of the files and directories you want either included or excluded from

your backup. These path names are preceded with either an

(denoting inclusion) or an

(denoting

exclusion). For example, if your graph file contains the following lines:

i /usr

e /usr/tmp

e /usr/lib

i /home

e /home/guest